Edited by ZSUZSANNA VIDRA ROMA MIGRATION TO AND FROM CANADA THE CZECH, HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAK CASE CENTER FOR POLICY STUDIES C ENTRAL EUR O P E AN UNIVE R S I T Y 501 ROMA MIGRATION TO AND FROM CANADA: THE CZECH, HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAK CASE CENTER FOR POLICY STUDIES CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY Nádor utca 9 H–1051 Budapest, Hungary [email protected], http://cps.ceu.hu Published in 2013 by the Center for Policy Studies, Central European University © CEU CPS, 2013 ISBN 978-963-88538-7-5 The views in this publication are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Central European University or the European Commission. This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. The research leading to these results has been conducted under the auspices of the research project Roma Migration to and from Canada. Experiences of Czech, Hungarian and Slovak Returnees, supported by the Central European University Research Support Scheme in 2012. The publication of this book also received support from the ACCEPT PLURALISM: Tolerance, Pluralism and Social Cohesion: Responding to the Challenges of the 21st Century in Europe research project funded by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework, under Grant Agreement 243837. Cover design: Ferenc Tóth Photos: © Judit Durst and Zsuzsanna Vidra Design & layout: Borbála Varga TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables ii List of charts iii Abbreviations iv List of contributors v Preface 1 1. Introduction. Theorizing Roma migration to Canada Zsuzsanna Vidra 5 Part One. Legal and Political Perspectives 21 2. Roma migration from a legal perspective Judit Tóth 23 3. Roma in Canada: Migratory Trends, Issues and Perceptions Antonela Arhin 53 Part two. Research in the Field – Case Studies 87 4. Roma Asylum Migrations from the Czech Republic to Canada and Back: A Case Study of Roma Migratory Networks from Bombary Jan Grill 89 5. Some Hypotheses and Questions on the New Wave of Hungarian Roma Migration to and from Canada Zsuzsanna Vidra and Tünde Virág 129 6. “There is no life here”. Migration of Roma from Slovakia to Canada Elena Gallová Kriglerová and Alena Chudžíková 163 7. “It’s better to be a Gypsy in Canada than being a Hungarian in Hungary”: The ‘New Wave’ of Roma Migration Judit Durst 203 Index 249 i LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Roma migration trends, before and after EU accession, from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary 6 Table 2. Examples of endogenous and meso-level contextual feedback mechanisms (de Haas 2010) 8 Table 3. Endogeneous and meso-level contextual feedback mechanisms applied to Roma migration to Canada 11 Table 4. Cases at European Court of Human Rights, based on violation of Art 14 of ECHR 29 Table 5. Outflow of asylum seekers (mainly Roma) from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary (2009-2011) 37 Table 6. Aims of Europe 2020 in EU27 and in member states with significant Roma populations 47 Table 7. Comparison of goals in Europe 2020 to the past Roma Strategy 48 Table 8. Differences betweentrafficking in persons and human smuggling 74 Table 9. Numbers of asylum seekers from the Slovak Republic in selected European countries in 1998-2002 (Divinský, 2004, p.35) 173 Table 10. Number of asylum seekers from Slovakia in Canada and results of their asylum applications 176 Table 11. Age structure of Horná Dolná population 177 ii LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1. Acceptance rates in % for Hungary and the Czech Republic, 1997-2011 57 Chart 2. IRB status determinations for refugee claimants from Hungary, 1997-2011 58 Chart 3. IRB status determinations for refugee claimants from the Czech Republic, 1997-2011 59 Chart 4. Top source countries’ rankings for Hungary and the Czech Republic, 1997-2011 60 iii ABBREVIATIONS CAT Convention against Torture CCR Canadian Council for Refugees CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CEE Central Eastern Europe CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CIC Citizenship and Immigration Canada CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child DCO Designated Countries of Origin EAFRD European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development ECHR European Convention of Human Rights ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF European Social Fund EU European Union FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICERD Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights IFHP Interim Federal Health Program IOM International Organization for Migration IRB Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada UN United Nations WRS Worker Registration Scheme iv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Arhin, Antonela PhD, is the Executive Officer at the Centre for Diaspora and Transnational Studies and a Visiting Junior Fellow at the Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies at the University of Toronto. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Serbia, and an M.A. in International Economics and International Affairs from the Johns Hopkins University’s School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C. Her research interests include: human rights; transnational labor exploitation; crime and migration; child migration, child rights and trafficking; global security and policy analysis; citizenship, identity and globalization; corporate social responsibility. Dr Arhin is the recipient of the Ron Brown Fellowship for Public Policy and Administration conferred by the U.S. State Department. Chudžíková, Alena graduated from the University of Sussex and has been working as a Research Fellow at the Center for the Research of Ethnicity and Culture (CVEK) in Slovakia since 2009. As a social psychologist she is concerned with prejudice, stereotypes, racism, issues of national identity and political discourse on national minorities, particularly Roma and Hungarian minority. She is currently pursuing her PhD degree at the Comenius University in Bratislava. Durst, Judit PhD, was Bolyai Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Institute of Sociology and Social Policy of Corvinus University, Budapest. She is also an Honorary Research Fellow at UCL, Department of Anthropology. She has a PhD degree in Sociology and writes about exclusion, poverty and v ethnicity in some rural Hungarian ‘ghetto’ villages in the region of Borsod. She has participated in some international comparative research projects, such as ‘The Ethnicity, Poverty and Gender in transitional countries’ (led by prof. Ivan Szelenyi, Yale, US) and the Repro Project (Max Planck Institute of Demography, Rostock). Her main research interests are ethnicity, poverty, reproductive decision-making, anthropological demography and economic sociology. Gallová Kriglerová, Elena is the director of the Center for the Research of Ethnicity and Culture (CVEK) in Slovakia. As a sociologist she has led or participated in research projects addressing the situation of minorities and migrants in Slovakia. She was a member of the team that conducted sociographic mapping of Roma communities in 2003 in Slovakia. The main outcome of this research project was the Atlas of Roma Communities (2004), which remains a major source of information on Roma. Her main research area is inclusive education of Romani and migrant children.. Grill, Jan PhD, is Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester. He has carried out ethnographic fieldwork with Slovak, Czech and Hungarian Roma/Gypsies, researching issues related to different forms of migration from Central Eastern Europe to Great Britain and Canada (and back). His research interests include migration, ethnicity, nationalism, multiculturalism, marginality, and the ethnography of the state and borders. Tóth, Judit PhD, Dr jur. is a lawyer and associate professor of constitutional law at Szeged University. She was a senior research fellow at the Centre for Migration & Refugee Studies (1991–2000) and Minority Studies (2000- 2012) at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. She teaches courses on citizenship law, minority and migration rights, rules on non-profit sector, and she is the leader of the Legal Clinic in Szeged. She has worked in international research teams on migration and human rights issues since 1991. Tóth has been involved in legislative preparatory work as adviser in various ministries, Prime Minister’s Office and in the Parliament (1986- vi 2008). Recently she was the legal adviser of the Ombudsman (2008-2011). She represented Hungary in expert committee for refugees and stateless persons (CAHAR) in the Council of Europe (1990–1996). Vidra, Zsuzsanna PhD, is a sociologist. She is a Research Fellow at the Center for Policy Studies, Central European University in Budapest. She holds a PhD in Sociology from École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. Her area of research is ethnicity, poverty, educational inequalities, labor market discrimination and media representation of minorities. She has worked in various international cooperative projects on ethnic differences in education (EDUMIGROM), on identities and modernities in Europe, on Roma migration, and on tolerance and social cohesion (ACCEPT PLURALISM). Virág, Tünde PhD, is a sociologist with a PhD from the Institute of Sociology and Social Politics, ELTE, Budapest. She has