PROTO-BALTIC >>>|||<<< An excerpt of text from Virdainas © Jos. Pashka 2012 * Warning - RWA xenophobes may find this content emotionally disturbing. > Link to Google Translate URL < "People lie. The evidence doesn't lie " - Grissom. The IE Satem poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture ( R1a1a1, Z280 w/ multiple variants ) appeared well over five thousand years ago in forested regions by the Middle & Upper Dnieper river and it's tributaries - also including a wide area extending East towards the Don, along with an early Northeastern variant (LWb allele, R1a1a1, Z280 Northern variants & Z92, L235 ) which developed of related East Baltic speaking forest-zone Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures that spread North and East, up to the Ural Mountains, together are seen as Northern extensions ( 3300 - 1800 BCE, Loze 1992, Tab.1 ) of the poly-ethnic Corded Ware ( R1a- M417, Z283 ) culture horizon (re: mtDNA N1a1). [ Note - the (DNA) citations are only partial / general indicators.] There were altogether really quite a few (R1a1a1, Z280 Northern variants ) Baltic Satem speaking cultures - the early West Baltic ( Pamariai / Bay Coast ) Barrow culture in the West - the growing Middle Dnieper in the middle / with a Dnieper-Desna variant - and the geographically immense East Baltic speaking Fatyanovo-Balanovo cultures, settled among (and eventually merging with, among others) neighboring Finno-Ugrics ( N1c1) and Narva substratum on territory in the North & East - up to the Ural mountains and Kama-Volga rivers. A later phase of the Catacomb ( MVK - Mnogovalikovo ) & Pit- grave ( Poltavka ) influenced border Fatyanovo-Balanovo was the Corded Ware Abashevo culture. To the South of these bordered complexes like Sosnica, that later became the Baltic-type Milograd & Bondarikha ( > Jukhnovo ) cultures. Beyond that southern region were the non-Baltic, yet closely related, Indo-European Satem Āryan Yamna and autonomous Satem Corded Ware Proto-Slavic Komarov culture horizons. Nearby Globular Amphora types and others to the West had coalesced with Lengyel / TRB people into Corded Ware ( R1a1a-, Z283, M458, M284 ) variants, including pre-proto-Germanic, although Centum Globular Amphora also significantly influenced Middle Dnieper and the Fatyanovo culturally, ( Brjussow 1957; Ozols 1962; Česnys et al., 1990 ) as well as by contributing substratum populations. Proto-Slavic ( mtDNA U4a2a ) evolved from Southwestern early Satem speaking poly-ethnic steppe variants of the lower Middle Dnieper culture horizon, neighboring a distinct SW Monteoru culture of a Satem related Proto-Dacian variant. Corded Ware R1a1a1 Z282 - an ancestral mutation for Z280 and Z284, genetically illuminates the close familial bond of Vikings, Slavs, and Balts - a bond rekindled much later with the unified Játvįgai / Яцьвягі / Yotvingians. Balto-Slavic is a convenient linguistic generalization of the complex multi- regional poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper cultural horizon, and generic at best. Regional semi-autonomous variant subgroups ( forest vs. steppe ) within the geography of the poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture area explains most irreducible incongruities between Baltic and Slavic ( eg. Slavic participle in -L ). Neither offshoot can be any "older" than the other ( R1a1a-, Z280 ), although East Baltic ( LWb allele / R1a1a1-, Z280 Northern variants, & Z92, or N1c1 ) remains extraordinarily archaic to this day. Luckily, the specific East Baltic speaker's tribal blood marker of the LWb allele transcends often misinterpreted R1a1a & N1c1 DNA identifications. Excavations between the rivers Orell and Samara have uncovered burials of a syncretic nature that attest contacts between the spheres of the Corded Ware and Yamna cultures. It may indicate early and prolonged contacts between polyethnic Proto-Indo-Iranians ( R1a-, Z93 ) and the ancestors of many East Balts and East Slavs ( R1a1a-, Z280, Z92 ), which had evolved as somewhat related neighboring "Satem" cultures ( Lith. "sviestas " churned milk, Avestan "xšvid- " milk, Lith. "žastas ", Sanskrit "hastas " arm from elbow, Lith. "kada, tada, kataras, antaras " when, then, which, other, Sanskrit "kadā, tadā, kataras, antaras " id, / Vėjus - Vāyus wind / Ašvieniai - Ashvins Divine Twins myth), and much later, as integrated metallurgic co-workers by Sintashta-Arkaim ( О.Д. Мочалов 2001-2, re: ceramic < ܀ > «checked» ornaments ), they would fish šapalas- śapharas together, share ominously " wild-eyed " aršus - ǝrǝšiš ( see below ) sojourns, then sing astonishing supra-lyrical Daina - Dhēnā praise to the warm dawning Ūšas - Uṣas light. MtDNA N1a1a1 - 294. A specific E. Baltic Fatyanovo «checked» double diamond rhombus pottery design verifies Sintashta-Arkaim era contacts, and is later found on Alakul, Fedorovo, & Kandahar valley Mundigak Period VI ceramics in Afghanistan. Lith. piešalas, Sanskrit peśalas. Cool ! The ethnogenesis of the polyethnic Middle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE Satem dialects closely adjoined to Yamna Pit-grave Satem, as well as Catacomb culture neighbors, with additional diverse admixture of Dnieper Repins and other originally non-IE peoples ( I2a, E-V13 & T ) from Dnieper-Donets and Tripolye ("Temematian") C2 - which were by now also of mixed origin and probably bi-lingual, along with admixture of TRB, Lengyels, BBC, Centum Globular Amphora from the Carpathian area ( including some late Baden ), and western Corded Ware folk. From this multi-ethnic convergence and chaotic fusion spawned the unique ethnogenesis of the mainly Satem Middle Dnieper culture, in contrast with other ethnic cultures that were expanding outward. Although Fatyanovo-Balanovo, as an early variant of upper Middle Dnieper, did quickly expand ( LWb allele, R1a1a1, Z280 Northern variants ) into the forest zone to the Northeast. Hence the elusive "retro" centralist appearance of languages descended from the Middle Dnieper culture and it's linguistic neighbors. This explains why one finds unique Celtic-Baltic isogloss terms, or separate Greek-Baltic isoglosses, or Indo-Iranian-East Baltic isoglosses ( see below ). Baltic is ( like IE ), the linguistic flagship of multiculturalism. Structured theories are a poor match to interpret the initial formative chaos of this multicultural foundation for the Middle Dnieper culture horizon. Embrace the chaos. Globular Amphora Substratum >>>|||<<< This poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper Culture was a regionally diverse mosaic, a synthesis or fusion of local variant groups - a "vortex" of converging multi- ethnic cultural influences. Frequent interaction between the central European Dniester Tripolye C2 refugees, which may also have spoken variants of a pidgin Centum, as well as their native "Temematian" language, and the northern Middle Dnieper Tripolye C2 & TRB bi-lingual populace ( I2a, E-V13 & T ), perhaps account as sources and range of non-IE " tauras "- like archaisms and innovations in polyethnic Middle Dnieper / Fatyanovo, as well as traditions of central European copper metallurgy. The Middle Dnieper region became a proverbial melting pot, with input from all directions and many cultures. To the West, C-14 dates reflect an amalgamation of Globular Amphora with Tripolye, and later TRB, or Funnel Beaker culture, Lengyels and BBC ( G2a, R1b ), for near a millennium in Poland & Germany ( R1a1a-, M458 ), then along with other groups ( R1a1a-, Z284, L448 ) influenced the earlier TRB assimilated Ertebølle- Ellerbek ( I1-M253 - Y-DNA ) natives even into Scandinavia, as some GAC did earlier while expanding the amber trade with the Narva of the Baltic region, and their Uralic neighbors. Some outlier GAC Centum speakers ( eg. Smolensk area ) were assimilated by the pioneering Satem East Balts. The Middle Dnieper Steppe Repin ( mtDNA K & H ) contribution to poly-ethnic Globular Amphora is reflected by Tocharian / Germanic proclivities, and the Centum Globular Amphora substratum ( "GAS " ) contribution to the Baltic languages ( klau- / šlav- or akmuo- / ašmuo- ) and their lexicons ( pẽku ). Illich-Svitych prudently referred to it as "some Centum" ( Illich-Svitych 1963 ). But "hybrid" semantically oversteps this creole impact. Since this amalgamation occurred at the earliest periods of contact, and was integrated with varied poly-ethnic Globula Amphora Centum speakers, the Euro-Repin Centum traces blended in smoothly. Enigmatic linguistic "Centum reflexes" may merely reflect common poly-ethnic bilingual contacts. The new Satem immigrants may have encountered possibly three different other languages besides theirs. We know from DNA that there was gradual assimilation. The study of Baltic languages thus provides a unique perspective for Tocharian / Proto-Germanic Repin investigations, or Latin / Germanic ERC affinities from Usatovo / GAC origins. Square flint axes found in the Suvalkija / Vilkaviškis regions of Lithuania indicate GAC settlements there ( Brazaitis 2005 fig 5, Girininkas 2009 ). Pẽkus in Sūduva is a residual substratum word, not an import like pešti, pešù s, pẽšis. Kailas! ( re: Sudovian "Kayles", Gothic "Hails" ). The Euro-Repin Centum ( " ERC " ) features of East & especially West Baltic are like a window into one component of an archaic Proto-Germanic ( also see BBC below ), just as Uralic languages have frozen Baltic words in time. Apples don‟t fall far from the apple tree. Euro-Repin Centum >>>|||<<< The Centum Globular Amphora poly-ethnic culture ( plural dative "m" , development of verbal postfixes, GAC > CWC Baltic-Slavic-Germanic isoglosses ), with it's TRB & Lengyel substrate, pre-BBC influences,