MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „The Impact of Atypical Employment on Job Satisfaction of Airline Pilots“ verfasst von / submitted by Vera Katharina Valeria Bönnemann, BA BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / UA 066 914 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Internationale Betriebswirtschaft degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Oliver Fabel, M.A. Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Statutory Declaration I hereby declare that I have written the present thesis independently and without the aid of unfair or unauthorized resources. Whenever content was taken directly or indirectly from other sources, this has been indicated and the source referenced. This thesis has neither previously been presented for assessment, nor has it been published. Table of Contents List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... ii List of tables ..................................................................................................................... ii List of figures ................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 2. Theoretical analysis ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 HRM in aviation ..................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Atypical employment .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 The emergence of atypical employment .......................................................... 6 2.2.2 Atypical employment in aviation ..................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Forms of atypical employment in aviation ..................................................... 14 2.3 Job satisfaction ...................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Concept of job satisfaction ............................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Importance of job satisfaction research .......................................................... 21 2.3.3 Determinants of job satisfaction ..................................................................... 22 2.3.4 Measures of job satisfaction ........................................................................... 23 2.4 Previous research .................................................................................................. 24 2.5 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................ 27 3. Empirical analysis ...................................................................................................... 28 3.1 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 31 3.3 Descriptive results ................................................................................................. 32 3.4 Hypothesis testing ................................................................................................. 37 3.5 Regression analysis ............................................................................................... 42 4. Discussion of the results ............................................................................................. 45 5. Conclusion and suggestions for further research ........................................................ 48 6. References .................................................................................................................. 51 7. Appendix .................................................................................................................... 60 7.1 Survey ................................................................................................................... 60 7.2 Variables ............................................................................................................... 65 7.3 Additional tables ................................................................................................... 68 7.4 Pilots’ comments ................................................................................................... 72 7.4.1 Comments in response to question 15 ............................................................ 72 7.4.2 Comments in response to question 14 ............................................................ 82 7.5 Abstract in English ................................................................................................ 85 7.6 Abstract in German ............................................................................................... 85 i List of abbreviations ACMI Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance CAB Civil and Aeronautics Board CLA Collective Labor Agreement EASA European Union Aviation Safety Agency FSNC Full Service Network Carrier FTL Flight Time and Duty Limitations HRM Human Resource Management LCC Low Cost Carrier List of tables Table 1: Frequency: Type of airline ............................................................................................ 32 Table 2: Frequency: Activity....................................................................................................... 32 Table 3: Frequency: Work experience ........................................................................................ 32 Table 4: Frequency: Salary ......................................................................................................... 33 Table 5: Frequency: Rank ........................................................................................................... 33 Table 6: Frequency: Gender ........................................................................................................ 33 Table 7: Frequency: Age ............................................................................................................. 34 Table 8: Type of contract ............................................................................................................ 34 Table 9: Type of employment relationship ................................................................................. 34 Table 10: Mean of job satisfaction with aspects ......................................................................... 36 Table 11: Mean and standard deviation of overall job satisfaction by employment type ........... 37 Table 12: Satisfaction with salary, job security, flight rosters & benefits by employment type . 38 Table 13: Satisfaction with relationship with management, distance to base, promotion opportunities, communication within the airline, recognition for work, and working environment by employment type ............................................................................................... 39 Table 14: Independent Samples t-test: satisfaction with job security and satisfaction with distance to base by employment type .......................................................................................... 40 Table 15: Cross table: type of employment by “change relationship” ........................................ 42 Table 16: Regression model summary ........................................................................................ 43 Table 17: Regression ANOVA ................................................................................................... 43 Table 18: Regression coefficients ............................................................................................... 44 Table 19: First regression model ................................................................................................. 69 Table 20: Correlations ................................................................................................................. 71 List of figures Figure 1: Frequency histogram of overall job satisfaction .......................................................... 35 Figure 2: Boxplots: satisfaction with job security by type of employment ................................. 38 Figure 3: Boxplots: satisfaction with distance to base by type of employment .......................... 40 ii 1. Introduction Especially since the rise of the gig economy, atypical forms of employment such as part- time, freelance, or temporary jobs have become a generally accepted part of the labor market. While certain groups of society such as students or parents are commonly associated with these employment forms, other professional groups have not been