ECS 455 Chapter 1 Introduction Asst. Prof. Dr. Prapun Suksompong (ผศ.ดร.ประพันธ ์ สขสมปองุ ) [email protected] Office Hours: BKD, 6th floor of Sirindhralai building Tuesday 14:20-15:20 Wednesday 14:20-15:20 1 Friday 9:15-10:15 ECS 455 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Communications 2 Wired Communication Cup-and-string communication POTS (plain old telephone service) Ethernet 3 Wireless communication You have three unread messages… 4 Wireless communication Duncan Wilson's Cup Communicator Cellular Systems: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G Wireless LAN Systems: WiFi (802.11a/b/g/n/ac) 5 Mobile? The term “mobile” has historically been used to classify all radio terminal that could be moved during operation. More recently, use “mobile” to describe a radio terminal that is attached to a high speed mobile platform e.g., a cellular telephone in a fast moving vehicle use “portable” to describes a radio terminal that can be hand- held and used by someone at walking speed e.g., a walkie-talkie or cordless telephone inside a home 6 [Rappaport, 2002, p 9] [Goldsmith, 2005, Section 1.1] History (1) The first wireless networks were developed in the pre- industrial age. These systems transmitted information over line-of-sight distances (later extended by telescopes) using smoke signals, torch signaling, flashing mirrors, signal flares, or semaphore flags. 7 Semaphore 8 History: Radio Early communication networks were replaced first by the telegraph network (invented by Samuel Morse in 1838) and later by the telephone. In 1895, Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission. Very high transmission power (> 200 kW) Early radio systems transmitted analog signals. Today most radio systems transmit digital signals composed of binary bits. A digital radio can transmit a continuous bit stream or it can group the bits into packets. The latter type of radio is called a packet radio and is characterized by bursty transmissions 9 History: ALOHANET The first network based on packet radio, ALOHANET, was developed at the University of Hawaii in 1971. ALOHANET incorporated the first set of protocols for channel access and routing in packet radio systems, and many of the underlying principles in these protocols are still in use today. Lead to Ethernet and eventually wireless local area networks (WLAN). 10 History: Pre-Cellular (1) The most successful application of wireless networking has been the cellular telephone system. 1915: Wireless voice transmission (wireless telephony) between New York and San Francisco was first established by AT&T. 1946: First public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 cities across the US. The equipment was expensive at $2,000. More than the price of a typical new car (at that time). [Goldsmith, 2005, p 3] 11 [http://earlyradiohistory.us/1915ATT1.htm] History: Pre-Cellular (2) Car Phone 12 History: Pre-Cellular (3) These initial systems used a single central transmitter to cover an entire metropolitan area. High-powered transmitter & Large tower Inefficient! FM push-to-talk 1976: (30 yrs after the introduction of the service in 1946), the New York system (10M people) could only support 543 paying customers. 3,700 on the waiting list The mobile units weighed about 10 kilograms and put out a steady 20-25 watts. The central transmitters that communicate with the mobile units broadcast 200 to 250 watts. 13 [Klemens, 2010, Chapter 3] History: Pre-Cellular System (3.1) The central station could reliably communicate with the mobile units up to a radius of approximately 25 miles (50 km). Region 2 Region 1 Colored area indicates the Region 4 coverage area of the central Region 3 transmitter in the corresponding region 14 [Klemens, 2010, p 46] History: Pre-Cellular System (3.2) Beyond that, up to a radius of 60 to 100 miles, the signal was too weak for consistent service, but strong enough to interfere with any other mobile radio system. Downlink signal in this region is strong enough for Region 2 communication Region 1 The signal in this region is not strong enough for Region 4 communication but still impose significant Region 3 interference on users in other regions 15 [Klemens, 2010, p 46] History: Pre-Cellular System (3.3) Region 2 Region 4 Uplink signals from user of a Region 3 cell can reach the BS of a different region. 16 [Klemens, 2010, p 46] History: Pre-Cellular System (3.4) Regions need to be well-separated! As a result, the central transmitters had to be at least 100 miles apart, leaving a 50 mile blank space between them. So a customer could use the sporadic and unreliable service only within the confines of one area. Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region 3 17 History: 1G Cellular (1) A solution to this capacity problem emerged during the 50’s and 60’s when researchers at AT&T Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concept. 1968: AT&T proposed the concept to the FCC Cellular systems exploit the fact that the power of a transmitted signal falls off with distance. Thus, two users can operate on the same frequency at spatially-separate locations with minimal interference between them. Frequency reuse 18 History: 1G Cellular (2) Japan had the world’s first commercially available cellular phone system. s-thank-you-ntt-of-japan.html] (Japan's national monopoly telecoms operator/carrier) Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) created a cellular test system for Tokyo in 1975, with the result coming to market in 1979. ating-30-years-of-mobile-phone The first trial in America of a complete, working cellular system was held in Chicago in the late 1970’s. 1983: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) blogs.com/brands/2009/11/celebr First US cellular telephone system Deployed in 1983 by Ameritech in Chicago, IL. Worked well. (FM, FDMA) [http://communities-dominate. May even have worked too well. Its satisfactory performance lowered the demand for a better system, allowing Europe to take the lead by creating a digital cellular system first. 19 History: 1G Cellular (3) 20 [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tA AAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&hl=th 21 #v=onepage&q&f=false] Marty Cooper: Cellphone Inventor 1973 Motorola DynaTAC prototype Weighed nearly two kilos Cost approximately $1 million for Motorola to produce. 20 minutes battery life Not a problem because you could [http://gizmodo.com] not hold it up for twenty minutes; it was so heavy. 22 First Cell Phone Call in 1973 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A6RqCYuKac 23 First commercially available cell phone (Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage) Motorola’s DynaTAC First commercially available cell phone in 1983 Weighed about 2 lbs (1 Kg) 10 inches high, making it larger than some Chihuahuas Battery life: 30 minutes of talk time $4,000 24 Motorola DynaTac 8000X 25 1980s Motorola DynaTAC Promotional Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WUF3yjgGf4 26 Motorola DynaTac 8000X The DynaTAC phone can be seen in action in several Hollywood films “Wall Street” (1987): “American Psycho” (2000): Gordon Gekko uses it Patrick Bateman uses it to to place a call from the place a fake dinner beach. reservation call. 27 [http://recombu.com/mobile/article/hands-on-review-motorola-dynatac-8000x_M13438.html] AMPS, RIP: 1983-2008 As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS. Companies such as AT&T and Verizon have discontinued this service permanently. 28 [https://www.engadget.com/2008/02/18/analog-cellular-networks-r-i-p-1983-2008/] Video Demo of 1G Phone A Tektronix CMD 80 cellular service monitor is used to simulate a cell tower. 29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH_t2ZIX794 Build Your Own AMPS Network $400 Use software-defined radio to handle cellphone tower duties. Code is provided on GitHub. https://github.com/unsynchronized/gr-amps Demo-ed with USRP N210 but could easily be assembled from a single HackRF and an RTL-SDR dongle. Only works with older phones http://gizmodo.com/it-only-costs-400-to-build-your-own-cell-phone-network-1791282980 http://hackaday.com/2017/01/16/shmoocon-2017-dig-out-your-old-brick-phone/ 30 History: 2G Cellular The first-generation (1G) systems introduced in the 1980s were characterized by analog speech transmission. The second generation (2G) of cellular systems, first deployed in the early 1990’s, were based on digital communications. The shift from analog to digital was driven by its higher capacity and the improved cost, speed, and power efficiency of digital hardware. 1991: US Digital Cellular (USDC – IS-54 > IS-136) Three times capacity of AMPS via digital modulation, speech coding, and TDMA While second generation cellular systems initially provided mainly voice services, these systems gradually evolved to support data services such as email, Internet access, and short messaging. 31 [Myung and Goodman, 2008] Two important 2G systems GSM supports SMSs and user data at rates only up to 9.6 kb/s. Security features including (for example) the encryption of data and signaling messages on the path between the mobile phone and the BS. Subscriber identity module (SIM) A smart card Contain the subscriber’s personal details Can be moved from one handset to another. IS-95B (cdmaOne) provides data rates in the range of 64 to 115 kb/s in increments of 8 kb/s over a 1.25 MHz channel. Each cell uses a carrier with a bandwidth of 1.25MHz, which is divided into 64 data and signalling channels by the use of orthogonal CDMA codes. 32 GSM World Coverage Map 33 [http://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html] History (Thailand) 1G NMT450 1986 (2529): NMT470 (TOT) Nordic Mobile Telephone System @ 470MHz AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) 1990 (2533): Cellular 900 (AIS) Worldphone 800 (TAC) 2G: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) 1994 (2537): GSM Advance @ 900 Mhz (AIS) Worldphone 1800 (TAC) [http://3g.siamphone.com/articles/2009/3g/page.htm] 34 GSM Enhancement Want to deliver data as well as voice.