Mural by Eugene Savage in Dallas Hall of State; Photo by Paul Everitt Synfuels & Redemption The Fossil Fuel Industry has big plans for your future. You Should we have shared resources with the less fortunate? Did might want to know what they have in mind. we abuse the environment past the point of no return? How many other species did we drive to extinction by our actions? Does Over the last 200 years, and intensely for the last century, our culture deserve this fall from grace that we have caused by developed countries have created a lifestyle based on fossil fuels. our own disregard for the bounty we were given? This fossil-fuel lifestyle has created a culture and economy un- precedented in human history. One could infer nature’s answers to these troubling questions in high fuel costs, resource depletion, resource wars, and global Food can be imported from around the world. There are hun- warming. dreds of square miles of buildings, supplied with air conditioning, heating, and lighting, unprecedented not just in terms of space But not everyone believes the golden moment is over. While and comfort, but in terms of space per person. There are 19.2 many believe that we must move away from fossil fuels with all million miles of roads in the world providing support for over (1,2) haste, or even plan for a very different society with decimated levels 860 million vehicles. Communication with most countries of energy use, there is a niche of the energy industry planning in the world is now almost instantaneous, and it is often pos- the salvation of our high-resource lifestyle. They are planning sible to obtain information on the Internet in one’s own home the synthetic fuels (synfuels) industry. or phone that cannot be found in the world’s largest publication libraries. The quality of medical care in the developed world, for In This Section… those who can afford it, surpasses what was provided to royalty in past centuries. Executive Summary ........................................................ 2 A Map to Redemption .................................................... 4 The developing world looks on with envy. They are not the Oilchemy ........................................................................ 10 meek who shall inherit the earth. They see what we have and Which Path to Prayer? .................................................. 12 want it! In their competition with developed countries, 6.8 billion Genesis – Synfuels in History ...................................... 16 humans are reaching the limits of the world’s conventional energy Austin’s Synfuel Plants ................................................ 16 sources and industrial infrastructure. And using conventional The Price of Syn, and a Future of Syn ........................ 19 energy and natural resources has damaged our environment to Buying Your Way to Heaven ....................................... 21 the point that it might not be able to support the current num- The Seven Deadly Syns ................................................ 22 ber of people even if new supplies are found. This comparative “golden moment” in mankind’s history may be at an end, as That’s My Hamburger You’re Driving! ...................... 32 material standards of living, comfort, longevity, and education Tar Sands and Texas ...................................................... 37 are jeopardized on both a personal and societal level. The Laws of Man, Carbon, and Physics..................... 42 The Ambassador from Mars ........................................ 44 Answering The Heretics ............................................... 50 It is typical of our plight as humans to wonder what we might The Carbon Hawks ....................................................... 51 have done to deserve ill fortune. Did we overconsume? Did we overpopulate to cause this overconsumption? Were we too Benediction ..................................................................... 52 greedy for material wealth? Documentation .............................................................. 53 1 Synfuels & Redemption – Introduction 1 Executive Summary Synfuels is a catch-all term for a number of different processes that convert lower-grade hydrocarbons into the high-quality oil and natural gas we use today. In the era of cheap energy, synfuels were usually too expensive for commercial use. But high energy prices of recent years will allow these more expensive synfuels to compete. There are at least eight that are considered viable enough to displace large amounts of conventional fuel that can be used to power vehicles and buildings, and supply petro- chemicals. Their implications for the environment and our economy mandate that synfuels be seriously evaluated for their long-term effects. 1. Coal to Gas – The hydrocarbons in coal and other In Situ Underground Coal Gasification solid fuels (such as petroleum coke and solid waste) can be place”) gasification reaction underground, controlling a “cooked” out as gases using high temperatures, pressure, flame that gasifies the coal. The gas is harvested through oxygen, and water. These gases can be consumed as is, or the second hole. chemically reconfigured into a large number of other fuels, including synthetic natural gas (SNG), or methane. 7. Tar Sands – Certain regions of the world, most notably Western Canada, contain sand formations impregnated 2. Coal to Liquids (CTL) – Once coal is gasified, the hy- with gooey bitumen. This primitive hydrocarbon can be drogen in the gas can be recombined to make oil, gasoline, extracted as a liquid with a great deal of heat, and upgraded and chemicals. with hydrogen (usually extracted from natural gas) into synthetic oil. There is a large and growing tar sands in- 3. Gas to Liquids (GTL) – In many situations, “stranded” dustry in the Canadian province of Alberta. gas co-produced with oil is reinjected into the ground because there is no pipeline to bring it to market. In other 8. Oil Shale – Certain regions of the world also contain cases, wells are simply not drilled because they are too huge amounts of rock impregnated with kerogen, a precur- far from markets to justify pipelines. Just as it is possible sor to petroleum. With several million years of heat and to turn coal gas to liquids, it is even easier and in general pressure, it will turn into oil or hydrocarbon fuel naturally. cheaper to do the same thing with natural gas. The U.S. has the largest oil shale deposits in the world. Oil shale has been produced in small quantities over the 4. Flared Gas to Liquids or Power – In other cases, last few centuries, but has not been able to compete with natural gas associated with oil drilling is flared or vented conventional oil because of the high amounts of energy because it is too far away from transport, a fate of 5% of the and capital needed to process it. world’s annual gas production. Until recently, GTL plants could not be cost effective unless they used huge quantities A History of Syn of gas. But recent advances have allowed much smaller installations to be considered competitive. Synfuels are being proposed as a major substitute or replacement for expensive and possibly diminishing sup- 5. Biomass – The same gasification process that can turn plies of conventional oil and natural gas. However, they coal and gas to liquid can also be used to create Biomass have been used in various forms throughout recorded and to Liquids (BTL) and SNG. Plants can also be turned into unrecorded history. liquid fuel through other means, including fermentation of plant sugars to create combustible fuels such as ethanol to replace gasoline, and modification of plant oils to substitute The first synfuel was charcoal, wood or organic matter for diesel. While some biofuels are in widespread produc- that is reduced to something close to pure carbon so that tion, their potential is constrained by the amount of land it burns hotter than the feedstock it was derived from. It available. As an example, 30% of the 2007 U.S. corn crop was was used for cooking and metal working. used for ethanol production, though it only produced the equivalent of 3% of the country’s 2008 transportation fuel. Gasifying coal to create fuel for lighting and building heat was quite common in the U.S. from the middle of the 6. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) – The majority 19th Century until the 1920s. Underground Coal Gasifi- of the world’s coal is inaccessible because it is too far from cation was first conceived of in the early part of the 20th the surface to be economically excavated with conventional Century, and has been in operation in the former Soviet mining. There is growing interest in using oil drilling Union since the late 1930s. techniques to drill twin holes in formerly inaccessible coal formations. One hole will supply oxygen for an in situ (“in Synthetic oil was produced from coal in prodigious Synfuels & Redemption – Executive Summary 2 amounts by Germany during W.W.II, and provided half of Breakeven biomass costs from food-grade feedstock are the Nazi war machine’s fuel. It was again produced in large high: $1.62-5.86 per refined gallon wholesale, depending amounts by South Africa to provide oil during the world on the price of crops. Refining profit, marketing and taxes trade embargoes over its Apartheid policy in the 1980s. take the price even higher. BTL can be $100-216 per barrel of crude equivalent, in part because it is difficult to find enough crop or wood waste to build large economies of scale plants. Canadian tar sands oil