Sorghum Biology Extract with Executive and Extended Summary, non-active content list and literature list related to the book manuscript Klaus Ammann, [email protected], Version April 20, 2010 and July 2011 Fig. 1 Oklahoma Farm Bureau, Galleries Grain Sorghum http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/Sorghum2.jpg Fig. 2 Schools in West Africa: Students threshing and winnowing sorghum earlier harvested from the school farm. http://wassumbee.blogspot.com/2006/01/schools-in-west-africa-1.html Fig. 3 Lysine Biosynthesis in Sorghum bicolor: GenomeNet Database Service, from KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/get_pathway?org_name=esbi&mapno=00300 Active contents list for the executive summary of Sorghum Biology Sorghum Biology .................................................................................................................. 1 Extract with Executive Summary, non-active content list and literature list related to the book manuscript .......................................................................................... 1 Active contents list for the executive summary of Sorghum Biology ......................... 3 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................... 5 2a. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 7 2a.1. General Remarks ................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2a.2. Taxonomy ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 2a.3. Evolutionary dynamics and Landraces of Sorghum bicolor .............................................................................................................. 8 2a.4. Sorghum Breeding Activities ................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2a.5. Gene flow in Sorghum and related species ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2a.6. Mitigation of Gene Flow in Sorghum and related species ................................................................................................................. 9 2b. Extended summary Report Sorghum Biology ........................................................ 12 2b.1. General Remarks ..................................................................................................................................................................................12 2b.2. Taxonomy of Sorghum, the wider picture ..........................................................................................................................................12 2b.3. Sorghum species ...................................................................................................................................................................................13 2b.4. Sorghum halepense, Johnsongrass ...................................................................................................................................................13 2b.5. Sorghum propinquum ...........................................................................................................................................................................14 2b.6. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ..............................................................................................................................................................14 2b.7. Numerical taxonomy of Sorghum ........................................................................................................................................................16 2b.8. Molecular taxonomy of Sorghum..............................................................................................................................................................17 2b.9. Distribution of Sorghum ........................................................................................................................................................................17 2b.10. Centers of crop origin .........................................................................................................................................................................17 2b.11. Earliest evidence of Sorghum cultivation in Africa 8000 years ago ..............................................................................................17 2b.12. Centers of biodiversity generally more robust against alien invasions ........................................................................................18 2b.13. Preservation of landraces through participative breeding programs ............................................................................................18 2b.14. Development of Sorghum breeding ..................................................................................................................................................18 2b.15. Evolutionary dynamics of cultivated Sorghums ...............................................................................................................................20 2b.16. Gene flow from Sorghum cultivars to wild and feral species .........................................................................................................20 2b.17. Gene flow in Sorghum from crop to crop .........................................................................................................................................20 2b.18. Gene flow from weedy to cultivated Sorghums ...............................................................................................................................21 2b.19. Assessment of gene flow of cultivated Sorghums in Africa ...........................................................................................................21 2b.20. The agricultural reality ........................................................................................................................................................................23 2b.21. A summary of gene flow in Sorghum cultivars and its wild relatives ............................................................................................24 2b.22. Consequences and mitigation of gene flow in African Sorghum ..................................................................................................25 2b.23. Coexistence rules to be followed ......................................................................................................................................................26 2b.24. How to avoid gene flow in cultivated Sorghums .............................................................................................................................27 The non-active contents table from the original Book Manuscript .................................................. 29 3.1. Wider taxonomic range of the genus Sorghum 46 ................................................................... 30 3.2. The genus Sorghum Moench 58 ................................................................................................. 30 3.3. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 70 ................................................................................................ 30 3.4. Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc. Ling. Sci. J. 7: 249, 1929. 77 ..................................... 30 3.5. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Meth. Pl. 207, 1794. 82 ............................................................. 30 3.6. Numerical taxonomy within the genus Sorghum 118 .............................................................. 30 3.7. Molecular taxonomic analysis 123 ............................................................................................. 30 3.8. Summary of the Sorghum bicolor taxonomy 133 ..................................................................... 31 4.1. Distribution of the genus Sorghum 144 ..................................................................................... 31 4.2. Centers of biodiversity and centers of crop origin, the generalities 156 .............................. 31 4.2. Centers of origin of the genus Sorghum according to present day agriculture and landrace distribution ......................................................................................................................................... 162 31 4.3. Possible origin of Sorghum in the ancient green Sahara 171 ................................................ 31 4.4. Centers of biodiversity robust against introgression, landraces are a dynamic system. 18 4 32 6.1. Introduction, Summary 199 ......................................................................................................... 32 6.3. Development of modern Sorghum breeding 215 ..................................................................... 32 6.4. Present and future breeding efforts 224 .................................................................................... 32 7.1. Evolutionary dynamics and history of Sorghum domestication 243 .................................... 33 7.2. Gene flow and hybridization of Sorghum, general remarks 254