71-22,493 JOHNSTON, Richard Elwyn, 1924- THE HISTORY OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN OHIO. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Education, vocational University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1971 RICHARD ELWYN JOHNSTON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE HISTORY OP TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN OHIO DISSERTATION Presented In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University ,<n By y^\ Richard E* Johnston, B.Ed.s M.S* ***** The Ohio State university 1971 Approved by Adviser College of Eduoation PLEASE NOTE: Several pages contain colored illustrations. Filmed in the best possible way. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS PREFACE Difficulties become apparent in the historical compilation of this single categorical concept of educa­ tion when one considers the multi-faceted educational elements of specialization which are germane to each occupational area. Problems of gathering early voca­ tional trade and industrial research materials have been magnified as a result of incomplete or missing records because of carelessness, deaths and personnel turnover. This writer has been made aware of the fact that authen­ ticated historical documentation is extremely important to all educational areas, if for no other reason than that it creates a solid foundation upon which one may project or build toward the future. Those of us in vocational education submit that this type of education builds a bridge to a more meaning­ ful future heretofore reserved only for those with pro­ fessional aspirations. We, in turn, contend that voca­ tional education is an answer to the complex ramifica­ tions which have evolved from increased patterns of world-wide technological changes and population growth never experienced by any previous culture. 11 Vocational educators the world over are aware of the present and future challenges. Therefore, this history of Trade and Industrial Education In the State of Ohio is presented to anyone who may wish to learn of the contributions, both past and present, which the State has made to this most significant educational concept• Richard E. Johnston 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I find that, In order to properly acknowledge all those who have contributed to the compilation of this historical study, another chapter would be gen­ erated. However, since this is not feasible, I would be remiss if the following people were not sipgled out and thanked individually. Dr. Robert M. Reese, whose knowledge of Trade and Industrial Education in Ohio served as the catalyst for my research - Mr. William vollmer, O.S.U. Archivist - Miss Sandra Rowe, for her journalistic expertise and Mr. Lloyd Gannegan, whose ability in the field of graphic arts is beyond compare. And a special thanks to my wife, Ann Marie, whose good humor and understanding nature coupled with her untiring efforts at the typewriter on my behalf has proven to be a comforting reinforcement in the achieve­ ment of a mutual desire* iv VITA October 1, 1924- • • • Born - Eagle Grove, Iowa 19^3-19^6 ...... U.S. Air Corp. 194-6-1958 ...... Trade and Industry: Machinist - Tool & Die Maker Tool & Process Engineer 194.8-1951........... Chicago Conservatory of Music Chicago, Illinois 1958-1968 ...... Vocational-Industrial Education Instructor, District #131 Aurora, Illinois Supervisor, Tool & Die Apprenticeship Kane County, Illinois 1963-1967 ...... B.Ed., M.S., Chicago State College Chicago, Illinois 1968-1969 . .......... Teaching Associate Department of Vocational-Technical Education, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1968-1970 ...... Instructor, College of Education Academic Faculty for Vocational- Technical Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970 ........ Assistant Professor - Department of Industrial Education, Chicago State College, Chicago, Illinois FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Trade and Industrial Education Adviser: Professor Robert M. Reese Minor Fields Education Administration Professor Walter Hack Minor Fields Adult Eduoation Professor John Ohllger v TABLE OP CONTENTS Page PREFACE ....................................... 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..... .................... lv VITA .......................................... v LIST OP TABLES .............................. vlll LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS................... x INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 Chapter I. PRELUDE TO AN AWAKENING .............. 11 II. TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 1800-1917 31 The Manual Labor Movement The Manual Training Movement -The Trade School Movement The vocational Education Movement III. BEGINNINGS OP TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN O H I O .................. 59 Early Industrial Schools In Ohio increasing Public Responsibility and public Participation In the Vocational Education Movement IV. STATE ADMINISTRATION OP TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION UNDER FEDERAL ACTS: 1914-1940 . 8? An Interim Period: 3,914-1917 A Second Interim Period: 1918-1940 Federal Legislation Subsequent to the Smith-Hughes Aot The Ohio state plan for Trade and Industrial Eduoatlons 1937-1942 vl V. WORLD WAR II AND POST-WAR DEVELOPMENTS 109 VI. TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHER EDUCATION 1^6 VII. ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OP TEACHER TRAINING CENTERS .............. I63 VIII. GROWTH OP TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN OHIO IN RECENT Y E A R S ................. 250 The License to Hunt-— Recommendations APPENDIX A. ....................... 275 B ............................................ 277 C ............................................ 278 D ............. ............................. 279 E ............. ............................. 280 P ................. ..... .................... 282 288 ............................................ 289 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................... 291 ▼11 LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1. Milestones of Race Progress • • ........ 13 2. Total Enrollment In Pre-employment and Supplementary Classes for VE-ND and Total Amount Expended for such classes In Columbus, 19h-0-1944 . ............. 117 3. Report on the National Defense Education Act, Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1959 • 136 4. Steps in Trade and industrial Education Cerglficatlon Procedures ............... 155 5* Trade and Industrial Education Teaching Personnel, 1918-1960 ............ • • . • 156 6. Total Number Trade and Industrial Teachers Including Supervisory Personnel 1950-1968 ............................... 158 7. Total Allocations (State & Local Matching) for Trade & industrial Teacher-Training and Supervision In Ohio 1953-1968 . • 159 8. Total Number of Teacher Trainers and Teachers Enrolled In Organized Teacher- Training Courses at Major Training Centers .••• ........................ 159 9. Number of students Enrolled In m-school and Adult Trade and Industrial Vocational Education In Ohio plus Number of Programs Being offered, 1919-1969 •>••»••«<> 253 10, Enrollment by Types of Trade and indus­ trial Courses, 1918-1968 255 11. Expenditures for Trade and Industrial Education, 1958-1968 259 vlii 12* state Expenditures for Trade and Indus­ trial Education, 1953-1962 ••••••• 260 13* Local Expenditures for Trade and Indus­ trial Education, 1958-1962 ••••••• 261 ix LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Pago STA HE SUPERVISORY STAPP VOGtTIONAL TRADE & INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION - 19^7 121 OHIO STATE STAPP TRADE & INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION - 19 ^ 6 ........... 122 THIRD ANNUAL TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL WORK SHOP August 1-13, 1 9 ^ 9 ............................. 128 THIRD ANNUAL TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL WORK SHOP August 1-13, 19^9 ............. 129 X INTRODUCTION During the months the author spent gathering historical data for The Ohio state University Centennial, specifically concerned with the evolution of the insti­ tution's vocational education program, he realized that an Important part of Ohio's history had thus far been neglected. He became extremely interested in the personal papers of Prof. Magruder which he found in The Ohio State University archives. These papers proved to be a verit­ able treasure trove of explicit information on the early days of the conception of this branch of education. It was noted that during Magruder's lifetime, the entire world underwent the vast changes of the industrial Rev­ olution. The mechanization of industry, while eliminat­ ing many Jobs formerly performed by hand, created a dire need for trained personnel in the skilled trade areas. Magruder's personal papers and correspondence more or less outlined the early beginnings of trade and indus­ trial education in the state of Ohio and names many of those involved, as well as dates and cities. purpose of study The purpose of tMr thesis is to make available 1 2 an adequate and practical history of trade and Industrial education in the State of Ohio from the raid-1800«s to 1969* Need for Study The State of Ohio hr"-; been a leader in the devel­ opment of trade and industrial education in the United States. It is paradoxical, therefore to realize that a comprehensive hi st ;.ry of this d e v e ..." vent does not exist. With the exception of a short lew of the development of vocational education m Ohio presented in "A Hi story of the Ohio Vocational Association" by Roger Roedivo r in 1961, this birth and growth has not been compiled in a comprehensive single volume. A greater- need is mandated by the fact that so many of the vocational educators of the early Smith-Hughes Act era have passed on leaving very few clut. to their contributions to t;-,ba and industrial -lion. Scope of Study The