Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2011 The Influence and Use of Daniel in the Synoptic Gospels Reimar Vetne Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Vetne, Reimar, "The Influence and Use of Daniel in the Synoptic Gospels" (2011). Dissertations. 160. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/160 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE AND USE OF DANIEL IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS by Reimar Vetne Adviser: Jon Paulien ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE INFLUENCE AND USE OF DANIEL IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS Name of researcher: Reimar Vetne Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jon Paulien, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2011 Scholars have always been aware of influence from the book of Daniel in the Synoptic Gospels. Various allusions to Daniel have been discussed in numerous articles, monographs and commentaries. Now we have for the first time a comprehensive look at all the possible allusions to Daniel in one study. All the cases are discussed and given an assessment of either 'no allusion', 'uncertain allusion', 'possible allusion', 'probable allusion', or 'certain allusion'. After reviewing the most common terminology and methodology used in scholarship in the area of literary influence (ch. 1), the bulk of the cases are discussed one by one in the following chapter (ch. 2), except those dealing specifically with the 'Son of Man' (ch. 3), the Olivet Discourse (ch. 4), and the 'Kingdom of God' (ch. 5). A concluding chapter summarizes the findings and shows some specific themes where the book of Daniel has influenced the Synoptics. The result of this study is that Daniel has shaped the language and phraseology of many sayings in the Gospels to a larger degree than many of us have thought, and that a fresh understanding of the Synoptic Jesus' strategy for kingdom-building appears. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary THE INFLUENCE AND USE OF DANIEL IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Reimar Vetne July 2011 © Copyright by Reimar Vetne 2011 All Rights Reserved THE INFLUENCE AND USE OF DANIEL IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy by Reimar Vetne APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE: Faculty Adviser, Director, PhD/ThD Program Jon Paulien Tom Shepherd Professor of Religion - Theological Studies P. Richard Choi Dean, SDA Theological Seminary Associate Professor of New Testament Denis Fortin Richard M. Davidson J.N. Andrews Professor of Old Testament Interpretation Jacques B. Doukhan Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis David L. Turner Date approved Professor of New Testament Grand Rapids Theological Seminary To my parents Øystein and Ruth For your generous moral and financial support TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ix INTRODUCTION. 1 Chapter I. METHODOLOGY . 4 What Literary Influence Is. 4 Relevant Terms . 7 'The Use Of' . 7 'Influence' . 8 'Intertextuality' . 8 Scholarship on Methodology . 10 Herme rén . 11 Tintner . 16 Stendahl . 19 Gundry . 20 Paulien . 21 The Terms I Will Use . 24 II. GENERAL CASES . 25 §2 Gabriel Visiting Zechariah (Luke 1:10-22) . 25 Implication of Allusion . 27 §3 Gabriel Visiting Mary (Luke 1:26-38) . 28 Implication of Allusion . 29 §7 Conception of Jesus (Matt 1:18-21) . 30 §8 The Wise Men and Herod (Matt 2:1-3) . 30 §9/12 Keeping These Things in Her Heart (Luke 2:19, 51) . 32 §20 The Devil's Offer (Matt 4:8-10; Luke 4:5-8) . 33 Implication of Allusion . 35 §32 The Time Is Fulfilled (Mark 1:15) . 35 §35 Teaching with Authority (Matt 7:29; Mark 1:22; Luke 4:32) . 37 §62 The Lord's Prayer (Matt 6:10-13) . 38 Implication of Allusion . 41 §107 Least in the Kingdom (Matt 11:11; Luke 7:28) . 41 iv §109/181 Revealing Deep and Hidden Things (Matt 11:25-27; Luke 10:21-22) . 43 Implication of Allusion . 46 §117/188 By the Finger of God (Luke 11:20) . 47 §123 Mystery of the Kingdom (Matt 13:11; Mark 4:11; Luke 8:10) . 49 Implication of Allusion . 51 §128/209 Parable of a Large Tree (Matt 13:32; Mark 4:32; Luke 13:19). 52 Implication of Allusion . 58 §131+133 Fiery Furnace (Matt 13:42, 50) . 59 §131 The Righteous Will Shine (Matt 13:43) . 62 Implication of the Last Two Allusions . 64 §137 The Most High God (Mark 5:7; Luke 8:28) . 65 §161 The Transfiguration (Matt 17:1-9; Mark 9:2-10; Luke 9:28-36) . 66 §172 Forgive Seventy Times Seven (Matt 18:21-22) . 72 §180 Apocalyptic Vision (Luke 10:17-20) . 73 §201 Little Flock Will Receive the Kingdom (Luke 12:32) . 75 Implication of Allusion . 76 §221 Sound of Music (Luke 15:25) . 76 §237 Praying for Mercy (Luke 18:13). 77 §255 + 300 Eternal Life (Matt 19:29; 25:46; Mark 10:30; Luke 18:30); §281 Resurrection (Matt 22:23-33; Mark 12:18-27; Luke 20:27-40); §347 Those Asleep Were Raised (Matt 27:52) . 77 §275 Say to This Mountain (Matt 21:21; Mark 11:23) . 79 §278 The Crushing Stone (Matt 21:44; Luke 20:18) . 80 Implication of Allusion . 83 §336 Political Plot (Luke 23:2) . 83 §351 Sealing the Grave (Matt 27:63) . 84 §352 Clothing White as Snow (Matt 28:3) . 87 §364 All Authority in Heaven and on Earth (Matt 28:18-20) . 89 Implication of Allusion . 93 III. 'SON OF MAN' SAYINGS . 96 Introduction . 96 Dan 7:13-14 . 99 'Son of Man' and the Parables of Enoch . 103 §43 Authority to Forgive Sins (Matt 9:6; Mark 2:10; Luke 5:24) . 108 Implication of Allusion . 111 §46/111 Lord of the Sabbath (Matt 12:8; Mark 2:28; Luke 6:5). 112 Implication of Allusion . 115 §78 Expect Persecution (Matt 5:10-12; Luke 6:22-23) . 115 Implication of Allusion . 116 §107 Friend of Sinners (Matt 11:19; Luke 7:34) . 116 §118/197 Forgiveness of Blasphemy (Matt 12:31-32; Mark 3:28-29; Luke 12:10) . 117 §119/191 Greater Than Jonah (Matt 12:38-42; Luke 11:30-31) . 118 §131 Parable of Harvest (Matt 13:24-30, 37-43) . 119 v Implication of Allusion . 120 §158 Who People Think the 'Son of Man' Is (Matt 16:13; Mark 8:27; Luke 9:18) . 120 §159, 164, 262 Passion Predictions (Matt 17:22; Mark 8:31; Luke 9:22 et al.); §263 Must Give His Life as Ransom (Matt 20:28; Mark 10:45; Luke 22:27); §331 Must Take Place (Matt 26:54) . 121 Implication of Allusion . 127 §160 Coming with the Angels in Glory (Matt 16:27; Mark 8:38-9:1; Luke 9:26); §196 Acknowledge before the Angels (Matt 10:32; Luke 12:8-9) . 127 Implication of Allusion . 130 §255 Kingdom and Thrones (Matt 19:28; Luke 18:29-30; 22:28-30); §300 Judging from His Glorious Throne (Matt 25:31-46) . 131 §292 Coming in the Clouds with Power (Matt 24:30-31; Mark 13:26-27; Luke 21:27) . 133 §332 Sitting at the Right Hand of Power (Matt 26:64; Mark 14:62). 136 Implication of Allusions . ..