PoznámkyNotes ÚvodIntroduction 1 Archives Municipales de la Ville du Havre (hereafter AMH), FC H4 15-6, Prostitu- tion. For a full account of this exchange, see chapter 6. 2 See Janice Holt Giles, The G.I. Journal of Sergeant Giles (Boston: Houghton-Miffl in Company, 1965), 27. 3 AMH, FC H4 15-5, Joe Weston, “The GIs in Le Havre,” manuscript. The article was printed in Life magazine, 31 December 1945. In fact, such stereotypes of the French predated 1917. See Jean Yves Le Naour, Misères et tourments de la chair du- rant la Grande Guerre: les moeurs sexuelles des Français, 1914–1918 (Paris: Aubier, 2002), 205. 4 Charles Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 154–55. 5 See Irwin Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954 (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 34, 195, 198. 6 AMGOT stood for Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories. On AMGOT, see Régine Torrent, La France américaine: controverses de la Libération (Brussels: Éditions Racine, 2004), chap. 2. 7 Most recently, Jean Edward Smith has argued that Eisenhower favored plans to include General de Gaulle and his CFLN organization in the reconstruction of liberated France. In response to Eisenhower’s support of de Gaulle, the War De- partment sent a representative, John J. McCloy, to the White House in order to convince FDR to soften his stance against the French general. See Eisenhower in War and Peace (New York: Random House, 2012), 338. 8 On the French challenge to the Anglo-American bid for military government, see Julian G. Hurstfi eld, America and the French Nation, 1939–1945 (Chapel Hill: Univer- sity of North Carolina Press, 1986), 194–224; Wall, The United States, chap. 1. 9 For the confl ict between FDR and Charles de Gaulle, see Charles Cogan and An- drew Knapp, “Washington at the Liberation, 1944–1947,” in The Uncertain Founda- tion: France at the Liberation, 1944–1947, ed. Andrew Knapp (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2007), 183–206. 263 264 notes to pages 5–11 10 Andrew A. Thomson, “‘Over There’ 1944/45, Americans in the Liberation of France: Their Perceptions of, and Relations with France and the French” (PhD thesis, University of Kent at Canterbury, 1996), 8. Thomson argues that AMGOT did not die out completely in 1944. 11 Coulet was the fi rst commissaire whom Charles de Gaulle appointed in Bayeux. There he dealt mostly with British troops. However, Coulet soon assumed the role of regional commissaire for all of Normandy. In this position he dealt frequently with the Americans. 12 Archives Nationales (hereafter AN), Séries AN F1a 4005, Mission militaire de lia- sion adminstrative, 1944–46 (hereafter 4005), report of 27 June 1944. The clearest historical account of the liberation from the French political perspective is Rob- ert Aron, Histoire de la libération de la France, juin 1944—mai 1945 (Paris: A. Fayard, 1959). 13 AN, Séries F1a 4005, Documents François Coulet, report dated 1 July 1944. 14 Hurstfi eld, America and the French Nation, 207. 15 Jacques Kaiser, Un journaliste sur le front de Normandie : carnet de route juillet–août 1944 (Paris: Arléa, 1991), 32. 16 Harry L. Coles and Albert K. Weinberg, Civil Aff airs: Soldiers Become Governors (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, US Army, 2004), 729. 17 In The American Soldier: Adjustment during Army Life, 2 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Prince- ton University Press, 1949), 1:433, Samuel A. Stouff er argues that servicemen of the Second World War made very little eff ort “to give the war meaning in terms of the principles and causes involved.” 18 André Siegfried, Les États-Unis d’aujourd’hui (Paris: Armand Colin, 1927); translated as America Comes of Age (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1928). Siegfried is widely considered to be the founder of French political science. 19 André Siegfried, “Les États-Unis à la croisée des chemins,” Le fi garo, 26 March 1945. For more on Siegfried as an important fi gure in the French anti-Americanist tradi- tion, see Philippe Roger, L’ennemi américain: généalogie de l’antiaméricanisme français (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2002), 373–79. 20 See Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944–May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 337–38; Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Air- borne from Normandy to Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 169–70, 263, 286–87. In Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), Paul Fussell also marginalizes sexual- ity, treating it in a separate chapter titled “Drinking Far Too Much, Copulating Too Little.” 21 See Maria Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations, 1945–1949 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003); John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 135–36; Mire Koikari, “Rethinking Gender and Power in the U.S. Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952,” Gender and History, 11, no. 2 (1999): 313–35; Naoko Shibusawa, America’s Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 38–40. notes to pages 15–20 265 KapitolaChapter 11 1 Cornelius Ryan, The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 (New York: Touchstone, 1959), 105–7. 2 This is the fatality fi gure provided by the US National D-Day Memorial Founda- tion. See http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/faq.htm. 3 See Robert M. Citino, “Review Essay: Military History Old and New; A Reintro- duction,” American Historical Review 112, no. 4 (October 2007): 1070–71. 4 Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizens Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944–May 7, 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 50. 5 See Ambrose, Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Nor- mandy to Hitler’s Eagle Nest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 73. By contrast, see the more inclusive Olivier Wieviorka, Histoire du débarquement en Normandie: des Origines à la libération de Paris, 1941–1944 (Paris: Seuil, 2007). On Normans as traitors, see Ambrose, June 6, 1944, D-Day, The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 315. 6 Ambrose, June 6, 1944, 214, 307, 313. 7 Ambrose, Band of Brothers, 253. 8 Jean Quellien and Bernard Garnier, Les victimes civiles du Calvados dans la bataille de Normandie: 1er mars 1944–31 décembre 1945 (Caen: Éditions-Diff usion du Lys, 1995), 13–20; William I. Hitchcock, The Bitter Road to Freedom: A New History of the Lib- eration of Europe (New York: Free Press 2008), 27–28. The casualties for France throughout the entire Second World War are 217,600 military deaths and an esti- mated 350,000 civilian deaths. 9 Jacques Perret, Caen, 6 juin 1944, une famille dans le débarquement (Paris: Éditions Tirésias, 1994), 127. 10 Jacques-Alain de Sédouy, Une enfance bien-pensante sous l’occupation, 1940–1945 (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1998), 141. 11 Jacques Kayser, Un journaliste sur le front de Normandie: carnet de route juillet–aôut 1944 (Paris: Arléa, 1991), 72. 12 US Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks (hereafter MHI), World War Two Survey Collection (hereafter WWII Survey), Box 99th infantry Division, John W. Baxter, “World War II Experiences,” 14. 13 Aramais Hovsepian, Your Son and Mine (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 79. 14 Janice Holt Giles, The G.I. Journal of Sergeant Giles (Boston: Houghton-Miffl in Company, 1965), 40. 15 Howard H. Peckham and Shirley A. Snyder, Letters from Fighting Hoosiers (Bloom- ington: Indiana War History Commission, 1948), 119. 16 Robert Peters, For You, Lili Marlene (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 57; MHI, WWII Survey, Box 71st Infantry Division, David Ichelson, “I Was There,” 64–65; Frank J. Irgang, Etched in Purple (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1949), 149. 17 Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl, the Defi nitive Edition (New York: Bantam Books, 1995), 307. For the theme of “hope,” see Jean-Louis Bory, Mon village à l’heure allemande (New York: Éditions de la Maison Française, 1945), 309. 266 notes to pages 20–23 18 Françoise Seligman, Liberté quand tu nous tiens (Paris: Fayard, 2000), 226. 19 Philippe Bertin, ed., Histoires extraordinaires du jour le plus long (Rennes: Éditions Ouest-France, 1994), Story of Yvonne (no family name given), 81–82. 20 Wieviorka, Histoire du débarquement, 151–55. See also Torrent’s thorough discussion of the eff ects of bombardment on civilians in Régine Torrent, La France améric- aine: controverses de la libération (Brussels: Éditions Racine, 2004), chap. 1; and Eddy Florentin, Quand les alliés bombardaient la France (Paris: Librairie Académique Per- rin, 1997). 21 Wieviorka, Histoire du débarquement, 159. 22 Jean Quellien, “Le Département du Calvados à la veille du débarquement,” in Normandie 44: du débarquement à la libération, ed. François Bédarida (Paris: Albin Michel, 1987), 144; Régine Torrent, “L’image du soldat américain en France de 1943 à 1945,” in Les américains et la France, 1917–1947: engagements et représentations, ed. F. Cochet, Marie-Claude Genet-Delacroix, and Hélène Trocmé (Reims: Maison- neuve et Larose, 1994), 233. 23 Jean Collet, A vingt ans dans la Résistance, 1940–1944 (Paris: Graphein, 1999), 124. 24 Quellien, “Le département du Calvados,” 145. See also Michel Boivin, Gérard Bourdin, and Jean Quellien, Villes normandes sous les bombes (juin 1944) (Caen: Presses Universitaires de Caen, 1994).