Life and Religion in the Middle Ages Edited by Flocel Sabaté Life and Religion in the Middle Ages Edited by Flocel Sabaté This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Flocel Sabaté and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7790-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7790-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Religious Experience, a Mirror of Medieval Society .......................... 1 Flocel Sabaté Building an Identity: King Desiderius, the Abbey of Leno (Brescia), and the Relics of St. Benedict (8th Century) .............................................. 15 Maria Chiara Succurro The Bishopric of Urgell in the Second Half of the 11th Century: Jurisdiction, Convenientiae, Simony ......................................................... 34 Jaume Camats Campabadal Peculiarities of the Bishopric of Urgell in the 10th and 11th Centuries ....... 49 Fernando Arnó-García de la Barrera The Ecclesiastical Policy of the Counts of Barcelona in a Conquered Region: The Relationship between the Counts and the Archbishopric of Tarragona in the 12th and 13th Centuries................................................ 67 Toshihiro Abe The Crisis of Power: Otto IV, Kings of León-Castile, the Cistercian Order ........................................................................................................ 103 Francesco Renzi A Crusader without a Sword: The Sources relating to the Blessed Gerard ...................................................................................................... 125 Giuseppe Perta The Military Orders in Latium ................................................................ 140 Nadia Bagnarini Saint Louis and Llull’s “Plan” for the Crusade in the Western Mediterranean: modo bellandi et modo convertendi ............................... 163 José Higuera Rubio vi Table of Contents An Episcopal Monastery in Florence from the 11th to the Early 13th Century: San Miniato al Monte ............................................................... 184 Maria Pia Contessa Religious Orders and Cities in Medieval Tuscany (10th to 14th Centuries) ................................................................................................ 202 Francesco Salvestrini Female Monasteries in Venice: Religious Dynamics and Political Power ....................................................................................................... 219 Silvia Carraro and Anna Rapetti The Cathedral Chapter of Barcelona and the Urban Elites at the End of the 15th Century ................................................................................... 234 Julia Conesa Soriano Compline and its Processions in the Context of Castilian Dominican Nunneries ................................................................................................. 246 Mercedes Pérez Devotion and Evangelisation in two Fresco Cycles in the Franciscan Convent of La Verna at the Turn of the 15th Century .............................. 278 Nicoletta Baldini Women’s Standing in Society and the Family as seen in an Example of Late-Gothic Secular Sculpture ............................................................ 293 Antònia Juan Crying Tears, Tearing Clothes: Expressing Grief and Rage in the Middle Ages .................................................................................. 305 Ana del Campo John Hunyadi and the Late Crusade ........................................................ 327 Andrei Pogăciaş War and Peace between the Crown of Castile and Granada: Duality or Interconnectedness?................................................................ 335 Yuga Kuroda Les enjeux du Libro Verde de Aragón ..................................................... 363 Monique Combescure RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND CITIES IN MEDIEVAL TUSCANY (10TH TO 14TH CENTURIES) FRANCESCO SALVESTRINI UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE Medieval Tuscany was a land of cities. Accordingly, a large number of its religious institutions and many regular communities were located in urban contexts, and it is there that they developed over the centuries. Therefore, this part of Central Italy is one of the most interesting laboratories for studying the relations between Monasticism and built-up areas. Although these connections may appear essentially antinomian, given the Benedictines’ vocation for seeking the spiritual and natural desert, they are actually a topic of great interest for their religious, social and economic implications.1 In fact, Black Benedictines, Cistercians and hermits included in regular Orders (eremiti regulares such as the 1 On urban Monasticism in Medieval Italy, see: Gregorio Penco, “Un aspetto della società medievale italiana: il rapporto monasteri-città”, Benedictina, 26 (1979), pp. 1-17; Francesca Bocchi, “Monasteri, canoniche e strutture urbane in Italia”, Istituzioni monastiche e istituzioni canonicali in Occidente (1123-1215) (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 1980), pp. 265-313; Gregorio Penco, “Monasteri e comuni cittadini: un tema storiografico”, Benedictina, 43 (1996), pp. 117-133; Giancarlo Benevolo, “Aspetti e problemi della presenza monastica nella società urbana (sec. IV-XII)”, Le vie europee dei monaci. Civiltà monastiche tra Occidente e Oriente (Verona: Il Segno, 1998), pp. 17-30; Cécile Caby, “Les implantations urbaines des ordres religieux dans l’Italie médiévale. Bilan et propositions de recherche”, Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa, 35 (1999), pp. 151-179; Rolando Dondarini, “I monaci e la città nel medioevo italiano. Tendenze e sviluppi di un rapporto tra antitesi e simbiosi”, Atti e Memorie della Deputazione Provinciale Ferrarese di Storia Patria, 17 (2000), pp. 27-67; Francesco Salvestrini, “La più recente storiografia sul monachesimo italiano medievale (ca. 1984-2004)”, Benedictina, 53 (2006), pp. 435-515, especially, pp. 451, 499-501; Paolo Grillo, Monaci e città. Comuni urbani e abbazie cistercensi nell’Italia nord-occidentale (Secoli XII-XIV) (Milan: Biblioteca Francescana, 2008); Gregorio Penco, “Monastri e città nell’Italia del Cinquecento”, Benedictina 55 (2008), pp. 263-296. Francesco Salvestrini 203 Carthusian and Camaldolese) often settled in the countryside and woodlands, but they kept some dependencies, churches and properties in cities and suburbs.2 On the other hand, many Tuscan monasteries were built in major and minor towns and formed an important reference for the urban patriciate. Finally, most of the female cloisters established during the 13th and 14th centuries were in urban settlements.3 In the Early Middle Ages (6th to 11th centuries), Benedictine Monasticism, especially following the Cluniac Reform, had a limited presence in Tuscany.4 Apart from the important monasteries of Abbadia San Salvatore on Monte Amiata (in the south-east part of the region) – built during the first half of the 8th century on a mountain near the border of the Church lands (Patrimonum Sancti Petri in Tuscia)5 – and Sant’Antimo, near Siena,6 some of the most important and richest foundations of the late Lombard and Carolingian periods were established 2 Francesco Salvestrini, “Proprietà della terra e dinamismo del mercato fondiario nel basso Valdarno superiore (seconda metà dell’XI-prima metà del XIII secolo). Riflessi di un’evoluzione politica e sociale”, Lontano dalle città. Il Valdarno di Sopra nei secoli XII-XIII, ed. by Giuliano Pinto and P. Pirillo (Rome: Viella, 2005), pp. 141-189; Francesco Salvestrini, “I Cistercensi nella Tuscia del secolo XIII. Le modalità di un inizio, le ragioni di un ritardo”, Bullettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, 110 (2008), pp. 197-236; Francesco Salvestrini, “La proprietà fondiaria dei grandi enti ecclesiastici nella Tuscia dei secoli XI-XV. Spunti di riflessione, tentativi di interpretazione”, Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 62 (2008), pp. 377-412; Francesco Salvestrini, “Forme della presenza benedettina nelle città comunali italiane: gli insediamenti vallombrosani a Firenze tra XI e XV secolo”, Espaces monastiques et espaces urbains de l’Antiquité tardive à la fin du Moyen Âge, ed. by Cécile Caby, forthcoming in Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome. For a general repertoire see: Histoire des moines, chanoines et religieux au Moyen Âge. Guide de recherche et documents, ed. by André Vauchez and Cécile Caby (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003). 3 Piero Roselli and Osanna Fantozzi Micali, Itinerari della memoria. Badie, conventi e monasteri della Toscana (province di Firenze, Pisa, Pistoia, Siena) (Florence: Alinea, 1987); La soppressione degli enti ecclesiastici in Toscana. Secoli XVIII-XIX. Censimento dei conventi e dei monasteri soppressi in età leopoldina, ed. by Anna Benvenuti (Florence: Regione Toscana, 2008). 4 See: L’Italia nel quadro dell’espansione europea del monachesimo cluniacense, ed. by Cinzio Violante, Amleto Spicciani and Giovanni Spinelli (Cesena: Centro Storico Benedettino italiano, 1985). 5 Wilhelm Kurze, Monasteri e nobiltà nel Senese e nella Toscana medievale. Studi diplomatici, archeologici, genealogici, giuridici e sociali (Siena: Accademia Senese degli Intronati, 1989), pp. 339-356. 6 Nuove ricerche su Sant’Antimo, ed. by Adriano