RESEARCH TOPIC 5 MINING, MINERALS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA SEPTEMBER 2001 RESEARCH TEAM: FT CAWOOD, S KANGWA, AS MACFARLANE, AND RCA MINNITT RESEARCH TEAM COORDINATOR: RCA MINNITT School of Mining Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3,WITS. 2050. South Africa. Tel. +27-11-717-7403 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND Contents 1. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MINING AND MINERALS SECTOR TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN AFRICA...........................................5 Summary...................................................................................................................6 1.0 Growth in the global economy. .........................................................................7 2.0. Mining in the SADC Region...........................................................................13 2.2 Employment in the SADC Mining Industry ...................................................30 3.0 PERFORMANCE OF MAJOR MINERALS.................................................34 4.0 DEVELOPMENTS IN SADC MEMBER STATES ......................................53 4.2. Policy and Administration Changes...............................................................65 4.2.2 Administration of the Sector.........................................................................72 5.0. Geological exploration and mapping. ..............................................................74 6.0 Globalisation. ...................................................................................................89 7.0 Dutch Disease...................................................................................................94 8.0 South Africa : a case study. .............................................................................97 9. Summary......................................................................................................... 111 References........................................................................................................... 112 2. ALIGNING MINERAL WEALTH WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE................................................................. 114 1 MINERAL RENT: THE ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT OF THE WEALTH PIE 117 2 DEFINING RENT SHARING RATIOS FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES .. 120 3 SHARING THE RENT: DISCUSSING THE WEALTH PIE ........................ 124 4 COLLECTION OF PUBLIC RENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA...................... 136 5 VISIBILITY OF MINERAL RENT IN THE ECONOMIES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA ................................................................................................................ 141 6 ALIGNING SOUTHERN AFRICAN POLICIES WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.................................................................................................. 153 References........................................................................................................... 159 3. A CASE STUDY ON THE PRIVATISATION OF ZAMBIA CONSOLIDATED COPPER MINES ..................................................................................................... 164 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 168 1.1 THE RATIONALE OF THE STUDY......................................................... 168 2.0 RATIONALE TO PRIVATISATION .......................................................... 171 4.0 PRIVATISATION ...................................................................................... 175 4.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF PRIVATISATION OF ZCCM ................... 176 4.2 ZCCM PRIVATISATION TEAM..................................................................... 176 5.0 LONG-TERM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT..................................... 178 6.0 BENEFITS RESULTING FROM PRIVATISATION OF ZCCM ............... 179 7.0 LACK OF BENEFITS RESULTING FROM PRIVATISATION OF ZCCM182 8.0 LACK OF INFLOW OF MINERAL RENTS .............................................. 189 9. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................ 192 9.1 THE WAY FORWARD ............................................................................. 192 10.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 195 MINING DEPARTMENT...................................................................................... 197 4. ENSURING THE MINING SECTORS CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................ 204 a. Life-cycle management 36 ...................................................................... 206 1 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 209 a. Drivers of change towards sustainability...................................................... 209 2. THE CASE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MINERALS AND METALS............................................................................................................... 211 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 222 2. SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS ................................................................... 239 a Life-cycle management ................................................................................ 239 3. MINERALS EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT .................................. 249 4. MANAGING MINERAL REVENUES ........................................................... 261 5. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE...................................................................... 277 2 INTRODUCTION This report is a compilation of four independent studies that cover the terms of reference for RESEARCH TOPIC 5: MINING, MINERALS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. The objective of the MMSD southern African Regional Project (MMSD SOUTHERN AFRICA) is to identify how the mining and minerals sector can best contribute to the Southern African transition to sustainable development. The objective of this study is to determine how the mining and minerals sector can best contribute to the Southern African regional transition to sustainable development in terms of economic development. The research team comprised staff members of the School of Mining Engineering, at the University of the Witwatersrand and include Dr FT Cawood, Mr AS Macfarlane and Professor RCA Minnitt (Research Coordinator). Mr Sam Kangwa of the Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia was subcontracted to undertake an analysis of the Privatisation of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines. TERMS OF REFERENCE The terms of reference for this research topic are separated into three specific topics dealt with by individual researchers as follows: AS Macfarlane: Review, using existing knowledge, the contribution of the mining and minerals sector to economic development in Southern Africa, paying particular attention to the progression of development from primary to tertiary activities and the linkage between managing mineral wealth and social development. This portion is largely descriptive and is focused on the current state of affairs. FT Cawood: Identify approaches and strategies used by various role players in aligning the economic contribution of the mining and minerals sector with sustainable economies in the region. Comment on the potential for the sector to play a role in poverty alleviation/eradication including an evaluation of best 3 practice with respect to the use of mineral rents/funds captured by government. Compare to international experience wherever appropriate. S Kangwa: A case study on the privatisation of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) will be used for this section. RCA Minnitt: Identify guidelines, methods, principles and governance arrangements that can improve and help ensure the sector’s contribution to sustainable economic development. Include recommendations on key roles and responsibilities of role players. Use will be made of best and worst practice case studies. Lessons learnt from these case studies will be extracted and synthesized so that the mining and minerals sector in the region can improve future performance. 4 1. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MINING AND MINERALS SECTOR TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN AFRICA SEPTEMBER 2001 AS Macfarlane School of Mining Engineering University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, WITS. 2050. South Africa. [email protected] Tel. +27-11-717-7417 5 The contribution of the mining and minerals sector to the economic development of Southern Africa. Alastair Macfarlane Summary This report summarises the contribution that the minerals industry has made to the economic development of Southern Africa, by analyzing the activity and environment, predominantly over the last nine to ten years. The report identifies that sustainable development of the industry relies on its economic success, to generate sufficient wealth from the mineral rents to satisfy the requirements of the owners, as well as satisfying the requirements for capital generation, for reinvestment in project and social capital. It is clear that this can only be achieved through capital investment and operational success, and that this only happens when the climate for investment is favourable. In Southern African countries, there is a very clear linkage between political and social stability, and capital investment from global institutions. This stability must be