ArtArt and and Design Design A comprehensiveA comprehensive guide guide for creative for creative artists artists MuyanjaMuyanja Michael Michael Art and DesiArgt n:and A CDompesigrn:ehensi A Compve Guiderehensi forve C Guidereativ feor A rCtistsreati isv ea Atertistsxtbook, is a textbook, which haswhich been carefulyhas been written carefuly to written guide and to guide equip and learners equip learners with the followingwith the followingaims: aims: • Focusing• attentionFocusing onattention pressing on issues pressing of local issues people of local in people in Uganda using Uganda art. Thisusing is art.to say, This local is to examplessay, local exampleswere were emphasised emphasised for the time for of the formulating time of formulating exercises. exercises. Desig Desig and n A and n A rt rt rt rt A Aan an d d • Helping learners• Helping and learners teachers and to teachers prepare to (for) prepare lessons (for) ahead lessons ahead n n d d ig ig e e s s i i e e g g d d n n of time, familiarise of time, familiarise with content with and content subject and matter subject about matter about d d A A n n r r a a t t a art and design. art and design. t t a r r n n A A d d n n d d g g e e i i s s s s i i e e g g d d n n d d A A n • The book • Theis based book on is abased system on of a systemidea that of learnersidea that can learners easily can easily n a a r r t t t t r r a a n n A A d d n n D D g g i i e e s s obtain knowledge obtain knowledge when they when are taught they are with taught a variety with of a variety of methods asmethods opposed as toopposed lectures to only. lectures only. Most importantly,Most importantly, teachers can teachers substitute can substitute expensive expensive (commercial (commercial) ) art and designart and materials, design materials,tools and toolsequipment and equipment with local withmaterials local ormaterials or found objectsfound for objects learning for to learning take place. to take place. © Muyanja Michael (2011). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means. Electronic or mechanical, Including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The images for this book were produced entirely by the author Request for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: [email protected] 1 Preface f. Enough space has been made available on each side of facing pages for the user to make notes. The goals of this book Use 1. To provide a broad and comprehensive introduction to guiding • This book can be used as a unit or module textbook, as well as a principals and theories of art and design. study text for students working on an independent or personal- 2. To present creative approaches of doing art and design in a learning basis. reader-oriented format. • Also, it can be used as an instruction manual for persons actively 3. To provide a module of teaching and studying art and design using associated with art and design fields of study. recycled as well as locally available materials for students of the course. Target category Comments and suggestions a. Students preparing to qualify for examinations in major professional The author welcomes constructive comments and suggestions from institutions such as secondary schools, colleges of art and design in readers, artists and institutions about the content and format of this book. respect to the syllabi at hand. Lecturers’ supplement b. Professional students taking qualifying examinations of the Uganda A free lecturers’ supplement is available to those lecturers, teachers and National Examinations Board. tutors adopting the book for their course text. It may be obtained by writing on college, or institution headed paper to the author or through the c. Undergraduate students on degree courses in commercial art and publishers. industrial art and design as well as fine art. d. Post-training students on industrial training and school practice. e. Practitioners and qualifying professional students in the areas of full or part-time courses in interior design, fabric printing, graphic design, sculpture, ornaments, drawing, painting, mosaics et cetera. f. Practitioners in the art business, commercial, public and not-for profit sectors of art and design or fine art. Format a. Associated groups of chapters have been assembled into sections with each; ending with a fitting tasks for self-review. b. Mostly, the availed sample questions address social issues of people’s daily lives. c. Easy to use tables have been convened in some sections for a quick review of the most wanted subject matter. d. The book provides a brief review of history of African art. In individual and separate chapters. e. Important resources are listed in references for further reading at the back of this book. 2 3 Contents • Features of a graphic design 82 CHAPTER EIGHT • Typography 82 Ornaments 133 • How to use typography on • Uses of ornaments 135 a visual design 83 • Materials and tools for • Calligraphy 86 making ornaments 136 • How to construct block letters 87 • Sources of inspiration for designing jewellery artworks 140 • How shapes influence letter construction 89 • Techniques of decorating jewellery 142 Preface • Balance 36 • Lowercase 90 • Finishing jewellery 143 • The goals of this book 2 • Rhythm and movement 37 • Layouts 90 • How to make a simple necklace 144 • Target category 2 • Proportion 39 • Types of layouts 92 Exercise 145 • Format 2 • Harmony 40 • How elements and principles of CHAPTER NINE • Use 3 • Unity 41 design can be used on layout designs 92 Weaving 146 • Comments and suggestions 3 Exercise 42 • Illustration 94 • Uses of weaving 148 • Lecturers’ supplement 3 • Types of illustrations 96 CHAPTER THREE • Functional handiwork of weaving 149 Contents Drawing 43 • How to make an illustration 97 • Weaving tools 153 Acknowledgement • Drawing nature and still life 47 • How to explain a visual/identification • Weaving equipment 155 symbol 98 CHAPTER ONE • Landscapes 49 • Methods of weaving 157 • How to design a card 104 Art and design 10 • Drawing from imagination 50 • The non-woven interlacing • How to design a poster 105 techniques of weaving 159 • Importance of art and design 10 • Human figure drawing 52 • How to design a badge 107 • How to produce a simple weave • African art 11 • Croquis 54 • How to design a book cover 108 using a cardboard box 160 • Aesthetics 12 • How to pose a model 56 • How to make a repeat pattern 110 • How to make a paper weave 161 • Fashion and art 14 • How to draw animals 57 • How to compose a wrapper 111 Exercise 162 • Rituals and worship 16 • How to draw objective study 59 • Computer aided printing 112 CHAPTER TEN • Architecture 18 Exercise 60 Fabric decoration 163 • Elements of African aesthetics 18 • Methods of printing 113 CHAPTER FOUR • Commercial printing 115 • Uses of decorated fabrics 164 CHAPTER TWO Painting 62 • Advertisement 117 • Types of clothing materials 165 Elements and principles of design 20 • Uses of painting 63 • Useful ways of advertising 117 • Fiber and fabric 165 • Form 22 • Painting tools 64 Exercise 119 • Characteristic of fabrics 165 • Shape 22 • Surfaces for painting 65 • Materials and tools used for fabric • Line 24 • Liquids for painting 66 CHAPTER SIX decoration 167 • Dots 25 Collage 120 • Painting and application of materials 67 • Inks 168 • Mass, Volume and Space 27 • Uses of collage 122 • Painting techniques 70 • Surfaces 168 • Texture 28 • Characteristics of collage art 123 • Advantages of using acrylic paints 74 • Methods of printing on • How to make a simple collage 124 • Value 29 • Advantages of using oil paints 75 fabric surfaces 169 Exercise 126 • Colour 29 Exercise 76 • Photo emulsion 171 • Systems of colour 31 CHAPTER SEVEN • Type of printing meshes 171 CHAPTER FIVE Mosaic 127 Principles of design 34 Graphic design 77 • Approaches of decorating fabrics 172 • Materials and tools 128 • Contrast 36 • Uses of graphic design 79 • Environment as a source of • Characteristics of mosaics 128 inspiration for decorating fabrics 174 • Emphasis 38 • Information graphics 80 • How to produce a simple mosaic 131 • Repeat patterns 175 • Perspective 39 • How to plan a design process 80 Exercise 132 • Types of repeat patterns 176 4 5 • Decorating fabrics with more • Photography motifs 222 than two colours 177 • Elements and principles of design • How to make a simple batik 179 in photography 223 Exercise 181 • Categories of photographs 225 CHAPTER ELEVEN • A pinhole camera (obscura) 226 Sculpture 182 • How to make a simple • Elements and principles of pinhole camera 227 sculptural design 183 • Film and digital 228 • Methods of sculpture 184 • Benefits of using a digital camera 228 • Types of sculpture 185 • Benefits of using a film camera 229 • Tools, materials and equipment for Exercise 230 sculpture 187 • Sculpture techniques 190 CHAPTER FOURTEEN A candidate in the examination • Preparing clay for making a room 232 sculpture 192 • Tasks for revision 234 • Maquette 194 • Category one 235 • An armature 194 • Category two 236 • Sculpture from wood 195 • Category three 237 • Stone sculpture 196 • Category four 237 • Casting clay 198 • How to make art and design • Types of moulds 198 assessments 238 • Kilns 200 • A marking guide 240 • Welding sculpture 201 • Index 241 • Finishing a sculpture 202 • Books 243 Exercise 203 CHAPTER TWELVE Pottery 204 • Properties of clay 205 • Materials and tools used in pottery making 206 • Clay classifications 208 • Mining clay 209 • Advantages 210 • Preparing clay for pottery 210 • Techniques of hand building 213 • Techniques of decorating greenware 215 • Throwing clay on a wheel 217 Exercise 219 CHAPTER THIRTEEN Photography 220 • Uses of photography 221 6 7 Introduction Acknowledgement Art and Design: A Comprehensive Guide for Creative Artists has been carefully written as a The book project Art and Design, A Comprehensive Guide for Creative Artists has been knowledge base for art and design training, schoolwork and practice.