The QIMMEQ Project A search for the soul of the sled dog Thanks to Being part of the Qimmeq project has been a fantastic journey over the last 4 years. We have achieved much more than we ever dared to dream. This has only been made possible by the many talented, inspiring and sympathetic souls who have worked hard and parti- cipated actively in constructive teamwork. Big, big thanks to everyone who has contributed to making Qimmeq a success: Stenette van den Berg Anders Drud Carsten Egevang Tatiana Feuerborn Anders Johannes Hansen Lene Kielsen Holm Geoffery Houser Olivia Ivik Manumina Lund Jensen Marianne Jensen Navarana Lennert Camilla Lennert Rikke Langebæk Pipaluk Lykke Ulunnguaq Markussen Eli Olsen Francisca Davidsen Olsen Malou Papis Masauna Peary Emilie Andersen-Ranberg Mikkel Sinding Christian Sonne Frederik Wolff Teglhus Stephen de Vincent Uffe Wilken And thanks to all of the mushers, researchers, students, politicians, museum staff and others who have helped, supported and contributed. On behalf of the Qimmeq project, Morten Meldgaard Professor, Ilisimatusarfik This booklet is produced by The Qimmeq Secretariat - Ilisimatusarfik. Text: Morten Meldgaard, Anders Johannes Hansen og Carsten Egevang. Photos og layout: Carsten Egevang Number of dogs Sled dogs in Greenland 35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Background The Greenland sled dog is a fantastic and charismatic animal. It is strong and full of character and extremely adaptable. One day it is holding a furious polar bear at bay on an ice flow, the next it is pulling a heavy sled full of tourists or meat and fish for the household—and will continue to do so for hour after hour. And on another day the sled dog is running at maximum capacity, fully concentrated on the goal of winning the annual dogsled race. We practically take it for granted that there will always be sled dogs in this country. But alarm bells have started to ring. In the newspapers, we read every winter about the problems that sled dogs are experiencing: The number of dogs is declining. The sea ice is retreating. Dog food is becoming more expensive. And snowmobiles are replacing dogsleds as the means of transport for hunting and fishing. While the sled dog is a proud and vibrant symbol of Greenlandic culture, the challenges are legion, and many people have doubts about the future. What can we do to keep the dogs alive to- gether with the unique culture they pull with them? On that background, a group of researchers and disseminators from Greenland and Denmark as- sembled in 2015 to develop an interdisciplinary project about the origins, cultural history and health of the sled dog. We were all captivated by the dog and started talking about how old the breed is. Where did it come from? Is it genetically mixed with wolves? How can one dog fulfill so many and so specialized functions? How can it physically handle such extensive hardship? How is it raised? The answers to these questions merely led to new questions and the notion that modern science could help answer them. UNESCO- Arctic Genetics Health Education Photo/Film nomination Nomads Culture Exhibition Workshops RESEARCH COMMUNICATION ROOTING INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL PARTNERS: PARTNERS: QIMMEQ project Grl. Inst. of Natural Re- University of Copenhagen sources University of Oslo University of Greenland KNQK, NEBULA University of Oxford Local mushers Aarhus University Local museums Local veterinarians The Qimmeq project Working together, we created the Qimmeq project and In December 2016, we all assembled in Sisimiut to established a secretariat in 2016 at Ilisimatusarfik, participate in the important ”Arctic Nomads” work- the University of Greenland, while at the same time shop, where Greenlandic dogsled mushers and politi- working closely with the National History Museum of cians discussed with dogsled-builders from Tjukotka, Denmark in Copenhagen. Next, we started working on Alaska and Canada about the sled dog and the future gathering a team of the best researchers, dissemina- of the sled dog culture. Two days of vibrant exchange tors and students from Greenland, Denmark, Spain, resulted in 22 concrete recommendations for pre- England, Norway, the USA and South Africa, all of serving the sled dog directed at arctic decision-mak- whom share a passion for the sled dog. We received the ers. For Qimmeq, participation in Arctic Nomads was financial means necessary to realize our DKK 10 million a gift. And based on those 22 recommendations, we project from the VELUX Foundation (DKK 4.5 million), established the framework for the further work of the from the Aage og Johanne Louis-Hansen Foundation Qimmeq project. (DKK 2.6 million) and from EU PhD pools and other public research funds and smaller private foundations. We formulated five main objectives: 1. We will use the research for the benefit of the Greenlandic community. 2. We will gather knowledge about and investi- gate the sled dog, its cultural history, genetics and health. 3. We will encourage, create and support interest and pride in the sled dog, thereby helping to main- tain a sustainable sled dog culture for the future. 4. We will share our knowledge and research re- sults, disseminating them to the Greenlandic and greater Arctic community—as well as globally. 5. We will be a role model for future research pro- jects in Greenland. Through workshops in Sisimiut, Ilulissat, Nuuk and Qasigiannguit together with fieldwork throughout all of Greenland, we have established a good working relationship together with local sled dog owners and with the Greenland Sled Dog Association (KNQK). This trust-based collaboration has been the prereq- uisite for the useful results and impact of the project. Research as teamwork Contemporary research largely consists of international teamwork, with results published in international scientific journals. The same goes for the investigation of the sled dog. Exploring the dog’s DNA, for example, required specialists with very different backgrounds in archeology, biochemistry, microbiology, bioinformatics and genet- ics. This involves the participation of many researchers, often from many different countries, each contributing with their own expertise. The central research groups in the Qimmeq project have been held together by Professor Morten Meldgaard at Ilisimatusarfik, together with Professors Anders Johannes Hansen and Tom Gilbert, both at the GLOBE Institute at the University of Copenhagen. The cultural history research has been driven more by individual researchers, al- though it is also part of international networks that communicate, exchange knowledge and share authorship. PhD student Manumina Lund Jensen from Ilisimatusarfik is, thus, a part of an international network focusing on the cultural history and intangible culture of the Arctic sled dog. The research results Research is the engine driving Qimmeq, which in many ways can be compared with intricate detective work that brings new discoveries and new knowledge to light. The detectives are researchers and students from many different disciplines: biologists, geneti- cists, anthropologists, immunologists and archaeolo- gists working together across disciplinary boundaries. Much of the heavy lifting in the Qimmeq project has been done by three brilliant PhD students: Manumina Lund Jensen from Greenland, Tatiana Feuerborn from the USA and Mikkel Sinding from Denmark. Over the course of three years, the three of them have invest- ed all of their energy collecting samples, interviewing hunters, analyzing DNA and working together in net- works together with colleagues from around the world. The ancestor of the Greenland Sled Dog originated in Siberia and from there has spread through North America to Green- land. Later, other dog breeds were introduced from Europe to Greenland. 1. Native Americans (more than 13,000 years ago) brought their dogs with them, which are now extinct dog which are not known to have reached Greenland. 2. Tatiana Feuerborn, PhD: Paleo-Inuit cultures (4,500 to 700 years ago) brought a small number of dogs that resembles the Greenland Sled The history of the Greenland sled dog Dog but may have been used differently than today.3. The Thule culture (800 years ago) used dogs for both transport and hunting and the ancestors of the modern Greenland Sled Tatiana delivered her PhD dissertation in February 2020. Important parts of her results were already Dog. 4. The Norse (1,000 years ago) brought dogs to their published in 2019 in the widely acclaimed English settlements in southern Greenland from Europe. 5. Europe- journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society. Tatiana an settlers (300 years ago) and earlier European whalers, has carried out the most extensive study thus far of brought with them many different dog breeds to Greenland. the ancestors to the contemporary sled dog, and a team of researchers has spent more than three years reviewing and examining all of the known archaeo- logical material of Arctic dogs from Siberia, North America and Greenland. Their results show that sled dogs followed on the heels of the first residents of Greenland 4,500 years ago, the Saqqaq people. Those dogs were different, of smaller stature and thinner than the sled dogs that pulled the Inuit across what is now the Canadian Arc- tic some 1,000 years ago, all the way to the coasts of Greenland. The Greenlandic Saqqaq have their roots in Siberia, and this is where we must imagine that the ancestors to the Saqqaq bonded with a dog that in many ways resembled the sled dogs of today. Genetic DNA analyses of the dogs’ bones show that the In- uit did not take over the Saqqaq dogs; rather, they brought their own sled dogs with them from Siberia and Alaska. This makes the Greenland sled dog one of the oldest dog breeds in the world. Mikkel Sinding, PhD: Already in 2018, in Science -one of the world’s leading scientific journals - Mikkel and his co-authors could The origins of the sled dog reveal that the dogs that the first humans brought with them to North and South America more than As part of his PhD dissertation, Mikkel has examined 10,000 years ago share much in common with the the origins of the first sled dogs.