1 The Flows and Networks of Fishing Technocrats of Colonial Taiwan in Global History (1895-1912) Te-Chih Chen Preface Wen-hsing Wu, a Taiwanese scholar, explored the relationship between academic research and colonialism in colonial Taiwan.1 He respectively discussed the cases of Tokyo Imperial University2, Kyoto Imperial University3, and Sapporo Agriculture College4. These studies showed how Taiwanese academia was established and what sort of relationship existed between academic and Taiwan Governor-General’s policy. Also, Wu argued that many graduates of Sapporo Agriculture College came to Taiwan and influenced the policies of agriculture, forestry, and sugar industry significantly. On the other hand, Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is a useful framework to observe people and the environment together and it provides a viewpoint to research the “uncertainty” in scientific activities. In fact, it inspires me to concern more actors that conclude human and non-human ones.5 Therefore, not only people and groups 1 Wen-hsing Wu, ”Kindainihon niokeru Gakujutsu to Syokuminchi—Katakusubeki mouhitotsu no Aratanakenkyubunya,” Hokutou ajiakenkyu 6( 2004), 5-9. 2 Wen-hsing Wu, “Dongjingdiguodaxue yu Taiwan ’xueshutanjian’ zhi Zhankai,” in Taiwanshi Yanjiu Yibainian—Huigu yu Yanjiu. ( Taipei: Acdemia Sinica,1997), 11-28. 3 Wen-hsing Wu,” Jingdoudiguodaxue yu Taiwanjiuguandiaocha,” Bulletin of Taiwan Historical Research,NTNU 1( 2007), 29-49. 4 Wen-hsing Wu, ”Zhahuangnongxuexiao yu Taiwanjindainongxue de Zhankai─Yi Taiwanzongdu fu Nongshishiyanchang wei Zhongxin”in Riben Zibenzhuyi yu Taiwan‧Chaoxian—Diguozhuyixiade Jingjibiandong.(Taipei: Bo Yang culture, 2010), 127-161; ”Sapporo Nougako to Taiwan Kindai Nougaku no Tenkai—Taiwansoutokuhu Noujishigenjyo wo Jyushin tosite,” in Nihontoujiak Taiwan no Sihai to Tenkai, ( Nagoya: Institute of Social Science of Chyukyo university,2004), 479-522; “Zhahuang Nongxuexiao Biyesheng yu Taiwan Jindai Tangye Yanjiu—yi Taiwan Zongdufu Tangye Shiyanchang Jishi Jishou wei Zhongxin” Research in Taiwan Studies 6(2008), 1-25. 5 Sergio Sismondo, An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies (Massachusetts: Blackwell © 2013 The Middle Ground Journal Number 7, Fall 2013 See Submission Guidelines page for the journal's not-for-profit educational open-access policy 2 but also boats and fish should be considered in the future. Also, the theory reminds us to note the uncertainty of group formation.6 This paper addresses how the Japanese technicians came to Taiwan, how they formed a group in Taiwan and what relationship they keep with the network in Japan. Therefore, I think it is more critical to discuss the flows and networks of technocrats and to explore the occasional and structural factors of the flows and networks than to draw on the theory of post-colonialism for interpreting the historical phenomenon of colonial academic. However, the studies regarding the fishing industry of Taiwan are few and the scholars are uninterested in the field of fishing technicians in colonial Taiwan, perhaps because the value of the fishing industry is insignificant for the country’s economy today. Though none of the secondary scholarship on colonial fishing technicians existed, there were some useful articles related to the background of fishing policy in colonial Taiwan. In fact, according to Xing-hua Hu’s research, the development of the fishing industry in Taiwan is divided into several periods by different regimes.7 Xing-hua Hu points out that fishing policy under Japanese rule was marked by modernization and exploitation. Jun-chang Wang makes discussed the fishing industry Publishing, 2005), pp. 65-70. 6 Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social : An Introduction to Actor-Network- Theory(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp.27-42. 7 Xing-hua Hu, Tuoyu Taiwan (Taipei: Taiwansheng yuyeju, 1996). © 2013 The Middle Ground Journal Number 7, Fall 2013 See Submission Guidelines page for the journal's not-for-profit educational open-access policy 3 and fishing administration in his Ph.D. Dissertation. His research is helpful in understanding the outline of fishing policy during the colonial period.8 Yu-ju Lin published several articles concerning the fishermen, especially the Taiwan Governor-General’s policy of fishing immigration, and her articles focus on the success or failure of the policy.9 According to the studies, it is clear that 1910 is a watershed year in the development of fishing administration including fishing organization, regulations, affairs and officials. At same time, the Taiwan Governor-General was forming a new fishing policy. Before long, the “Regulation of Taiwanese Fishing Industry” was proclaimed by the Taiwan Governor-General in 1912, meaning that the situation of the fishing industry had been greatly transformed. Therefore, it is worthwhile to discuss the flows and networks of fishing technocrats in Taiwan from 1895 to 1912. Thus, this paper tries to introduce the changing social and political circumstances when fishing technocrats came to Taiwan, to analyze the structure and transformation of personnel, and to show the research they published and the activities they organized. 8 Jun-chang Wang, Rizhi Shiqi Taiwan Shuichanye zhi Yanjiu, (Ph.D. Dissertation: National Chung Cheng University, 2006). 9 Yu-ju Lin, ”Zhanshi jingjitizhixia dongbu shuichanye de tongzhi zhenghe: Dongtaiwan shuichan huishe de chengli,” in Zhimindi de Bianqu: Dongtaiwan de Zhengzhi Jingji Fazhan( Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., 2007), pp. 124-162; ”Zhimin yu chanye gaizao: Rizhi shiqi dongtaiwan de guanying yuye yimin,” in Zhimindi de Bianqu: Dongtaiwan de Zhengzhi Jingji Fazhan( Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., 2007), pp.163-211. © 2013 The Middle Ground Journal Number 7, Fall 2013 See Submission Guidelines page for the journal's not-for-profit educational open-access policy 4 2. The Period of Military Administration In April 1985, the Administrative District of Penghu ( 澎湖行政廳) , a temporarily administrative office in war time, requested the support of fishing experts for investigating fishery, which shows, during the military operation time, the survey on fishing industry had begun.10 After Taiwan Governor-General officially started the military rule, the Department of Settlement and Production( 殖產部), being responsible for the administration of colonial settlement, agriculture, forestry, fishery, and mining industry, was supervised under the planning of Hashiguchi Bunzō (橋口 文藏) and Oshikawa Norikichi(押川則吉). They were both born in Kagoshima(鹿兒 島). Hashiguchi graduated from Sapporo Agricultural College (札幌農學校), and Oshikawa graduated from Komaba Agricultural College (駒場農學校). On May 20th,1895, Hashiguchi was appointed as the acting chief of the Department of Settlement and Production (殖產部長) and Oshikawa was appointed the acting Chief Officer of the Agricultural Affairs Division（農務課長）, who was subordinate to the chief of the Department. At that point, the administrative business of Settlement and 10 “Chishitsunōgakushi oyobi suisanjukutatsusha hakengata（Hōkochōminsēbu）chōkanjōshin,” in Taiwan Sōtokufu Kōbun Ruisan, May 16th Meiji 28(1895), Vol.1, No.40, Item 13. © 2013 The Middle Ground Journal Number 7, Fall 2013 See Submission Guidelines page for the journal's not-for-profit educational open-access policy 5 Production in Taiwan was officially launched.11 Hashiguchi was the former president of Sapporo Agricultural School12, the Investigate Officer of Hokkaido Prefecture Office (北海道廳理事官), and the Chief Officer of the Second Official Sector (第二 部部長);13 his previous experience in Hokkaido and the personal connections with Sapporo Agricultural School deserve our attention because he paved the path of the graduates of Sapporo Agricultural School to Taiwan. 14 Also, before coming to Taiwan, Oshikawa was the official technician in the Bureau of Agricultural Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce Affairs (農商務省農務局) and the Chief Officer of the Agricultural Affair Division (農務課長), who was subordinate to the chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Affairs;15 his previous experience in the Bureau of Agricultural Affairs may have affected the policy in Taiwan. Neither Hashiguchi nor Oshikawa were fishing industry specialists. Therefore, it would be difficult to identify their impacts on the flow of fishing technical personnel. 11 “Funai bukachōninmē（Maki Bokushin, Shimamura Hisashi, Hashiguchi Bunzo, Izawa Shūji, Gotō Matsukichirō, Chijiiwa Ēichi）chihōkanninmē,” in Taiwan Sōtokufu Kōbun Ruisan, May 20th Meiji 28(1895), Vol.1, No.42, Item 3. 12 Wu Wen-hsing,”Sapporo Nougako to Taiwan Kindai Nougaku no Tenkai—Taiwansoutokuhu Noujishigenjyo wo Jyushin tosite,” in Nihontoujiak Taiwan no Sihai to Tenkai, 485. 13 Syokuinroku[ Meiji 24]( Tokyo: insatsukyoku), 1. 14 Wen-hsing Wu, ”Zhahuangnongxuexiao yu Taiwanjindainongxue de Zhankai─Yi Taiwanzongdu fu Nongshishiyanchang wei Zhongxin”in Riben Zibenzhuyi yu Taiwan‧Chaoxian—Diguozhuyixiade Jingjibiandong.(Taipei: Bo Yang culture, 2010), 127-161; ”Sapporo Nougako to Taiwan Kindai Nougaku no Tenkai—Taiwansoutokuhu Noujishigenjyo wo Jyushin tosite,” in Nihontoujiak Taiwan no Sihai to Tenkai, ( Nagoya: Institute of Social Science of Chyukyo university,2004), 479-522 15 Syokuinroku[ Meiji 27]( Tokyo: insatsukyoku), 314. © 2013 The Middle Ground Journal Number 7, Fall 2013 See Submission Guidelines page for the journal's not-for-profit educational open-access policy 6 However, it is important to note that the Deputy chief of the Department of the Interior ( 內務部長), who was responsible for