EDUCATION AND EPISCOPACY: THE UNIVERSITIES OF SCOTLAND IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY Isla Woodman A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1882 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License Education and Episcopacy: the Universities of Scotland in the Fifteenth Century by Isla Woodman Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute of Scottish Historical Research School of History University of St Andrews September 2010 Declarations 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Isla Woodman, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2004 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in June 2005; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2004 and 2010. Date ……………………… Signature of candidate ……………………………….. 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date ……………………… Signature of supervisor ………………………………. 3. 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Date ………………… Signature of candidate ………………………… Signature of supervisor ……………………….. i Contents Page List of Tables ...................................................................................................................iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................v Abstract ..........................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................xi Abbreviations................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: St Andrews: the beginnings of higher education in Scotland, 1410-c. 1420 .................................................................................................................................12 1.1 Bishop Wardlaw’s Foundation at St Andrews ..........................................................12 1.2 An Entirely Episcopal Endeavour? A university to satisfy scholarly needs ............16 1.3 Universitas or Studium? The development of St Andrews as a studium generale ..27 1.4 A Forum for Scholarly Debate? ................................................................................32 1.5 University, Church and Kingdom: St Andrews in wider political and intellectual debates .............................................................................................................................38 Chapter 2: St Salvator’s College and the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen: the expansion of higher education in fifteenth-century Scotland ..............................46 2.1 New Foundations as the Instruments of Diocesan Prestige? ....................................46 2.2 Albertism and the St Andrews Diaspora ...................................................................53 2.3 Conciliarism, Papalism and Imperialism: St Andrews and Glasgow in the context of wider intellectual debates ................................................................................................64 2.4 Educating the ‘Barbarous North’.............................................................................. 75 Chapter 3: Educating the Scottish Episcopate, 1360-1560 ........................................87 3.1 Rationale ....................................................................................................................87 3.2 Educational Overview ...............................................................................................94 3.3 Incentives: the comparative value of arts and higher discipline degrees ................100 3.4 Programmes of Study: the ‘undergraduate’ experience ...........................................122 3.5 Programmes of Study: the ‘postgraduate’ experience .............................................142 3.6 Programmes of Study: preferred higher disciplines ................................................157 3.7 Patterns of University Attendance: arts destinations ...............................................168 3.8 Patterns of University Attendance: higher discipline destinations ..........................177 3.9 Origins: the social background of the Scottish episcopate, 1360-1560................... 200 3.10 The Isles................................................................................................................. 217 3.11 Conclusion .............................................................................................................225 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................228 Appendices: Scottish Bishops 1360-1560, an Educational Prosopography Appendix 1: Prosopographical Abbreviations ..........................................................240 Appendix 2: Prosopographical Tables .......................................................................245 Bibliography .................................................................................................................258 iii List of Tables Educating the Scottish Episcopate 1360 - 1560 Table 1: Nature of degree-holding among graduates ...............................................115 Table 2: Breakdown of education in arts at university level ...................................130 Table 3: Possible nature of degree-holding among graduates .................................135 Table 4: Possible levels of university education ........................................................142 Table 5: Breakdown of education in higher disciplines at university level ............154 Table 6: Summary breakdown of preferred higher discipline degrees and programmes of study ...................................................................................161 Table 7a: Patterns of Attendance: single destinations, higher disciplines .............187 Table 7b: Patterns of Attendance: two destinations, higher disciplines .................188 Table 7c: Patterns of Attendance: multiple destinations, higher disciplines .........189 iv List of Figures Educating the Scottish Episcopate 1360 - 1560 Figure 1: Overview of Education .................................................................................95 Figure 2: Nature and Levels of Education ................................................................102 Figure 3a: Levels of Education (arts & higher discipline graduates only) ............110 Figure 3b: Levels of Education (arts & higher discipline graduates only) ............113 Figure 4: Nature of Arts Education ...........................................................................123 Figure 5: Nature of Higher Discipline Education ....................................................144 Figure 6: Breakdown of Higher Discipline Education at University Level ...........159 Figure 7a: Patterns of University Attendance: Arts Graduates .............................169 Figure 7b: Patterns of University Attendance: Arts Graduates .............................170 Figure 8a: Patterns of University Attendance: Higher Disciplines ........................179 Figure 8b: Patterns of University Attendance: Higher Disciplines ........................182 Figure 8c: Patterns of University Attendance: Higher Disciplines .........................183 Figure 9a: Familial Background ................................................................................204 Figure 9b: Familial Backgrounds (Adjusted) ...........................................................213 v Abstract Educational