PASSIVE VOICE, GERUND & PARTICIPLE IN ACADEMIC/ SCIENTIFIC TEXT LNK@2017 Common sentence in academic/scientific Text § Declarative sentence § Kalimat yang berisi pernyataan ringkas dan jelas § Pola : S + V + O/ Complement PASSIVE VOICE à FORMULAS § SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB 3 (+) OBJECT CHARACTERISTICS : q USING TRANSITIVE VERB (KATA KERJA YANG MEMERLUKAN OBJECT) q GENERALLY NEEDED IN ACADEMIC WRITING q JIKA SUBYEK/PELAKU TIDAK TERLALU PENTING DISAMPAIKAN contoh : The snake has been killed q PADA KALIMAT DENGAN SUBJECT YANG SUDAH DI SEBUTKAN PADA KALIMAT SEBELUMNYA. That tree fell on the car and the car was damaged. q UNTUK UNKNOWN SUBJECT q Contoh : The jewelry store has been robbed several times Examples : ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE PASSIVE FORM SIMPLE He speaks English English is spoken by him PRESENT PRESENT He is speaking English English is being spoken by him CONTINUOUS PRESENT He has spoken English English has been spoken by him PERFECT SIMPLE PAST He spoke English English was spoken by him PAST He was speaking English English was being spoken by CONTINUOUS him PAS PERFECT He had spoken English English had spoken by him SIMPLE FUTURE He will speak English English will be spoken by him BE GOING TO He is going to speak English is going to be spoken by English him FUTURE He will have spoken English will have been spoken by PERFECT English him PSV SENTENCES FREQUENT FOUND IN SCIENTIFIC TEXT 1. The material compatibility study was performed using ASTM 2. The pressure was reduced approximately 20 percent. 3. The data provided in the steam tables can also be expressed in a graphical form. 4. Optimization applications can be found in almost all areas of engineering. 5. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES, DEPENDING ON THE NOVELTY INVOLVED. 6. Mathematical and energy balance are based on a conservation law which is stated generally im the form; § Input = output + accumulation Example ! GERUND § Bentuk kata kerja –ing (verb-ing) yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (noun). § Sebagai subject, § Contoh : Reading enriches the mind § Sebagai object, § I like swimming § Sebagai subject complement, § Her main duty is programming § Sebagai keterangan tambahan § His suggestion, coming on time, was well received. PARTICIPLE § ISTILAH UNTUK KATA KERJA BENTUK KETIGA (VERB 3) DAN KATA KERJA BENTUK –ING (VERB-ING) SELAIN SEBAGAI NOUN/GERUND. § BENTUK VERB 3 è PAST PARTICIPLE § BENTUK VERB-ING è PRESENT PARTICIPLE § FUNGSI PARTICIPLE DALAM KALIMAT DAPAT SEBAGAI KATA KERJA MAUPUN KATA SIFAT (PERHATIKAN STRUKTUR DAN KONTEKS) PAST PARTICIPLE SEBAGAI VERB DALAM KALIMAT PASIF DAN PERFECT TENSES (PRESENT/PAST/FUTURE) § The report is prepared by Thomas § The report is being prepared by Thomas § The report has been prepared by Thomas § The report had been prepared by Thomas PRESENT PARTICIPLE SEBAGAI VERB DALAM KALIMAT CONTINNUOUS TENSES § The man is carrying the sample bottles right now § The man has been carrying the sample when the laboratory was fired yesterday Jarang digunak § The man was carrying the sample bottles yesterday an § The man has been carrying the sample bottles when they came yesterday PAST & PRESENT PARTICIPLE SEBAGAI ADJECTIVE UNTUK MENERANGKAN NOUN § a rolling stone § a frightening explosion = ledakan yang menakutkan § an interesting person = orang yang menarik § A pointed word = kata yang menonjol/mencolok Berbeda § a frightened stone : ledakan yang ketakutan dengan § a cooked food = makanan yang dimasak § an interested person = orang yang tertarik SENTENCE BUILDING IN PASSIVE VOICE TASK #2 : INSTRUCTIONS (KAMPUS INDERALAYA) § BUILD A PASSIVE VOICE declarative SENTENCES USING THESE FOLLOWING KEY WORDS 1. EXPERIMENT 13. Use 2. THERMODYNAMICS 14. Show 3. TECHNOLOGY 15. Appear 4. MECHANISM 16. Present 5. BEHAVIOUR 17. Perform 6. CONTINUOUS 18. explain 7. PERFORMANCE 19. Elaborate 8. MEASUREMENT 20. Examine 9. ENVIRONMENT 21. Describe 10. RENEWABLE 22. Generate 11. SIGNIFICANT 23. Customize 12. SIMULTANEOUSLY 24. Compare 25. simplify Task#2. Working time available until 6 pm by today. Mail to : [email protected] EXAMPLES: Detect some passive voice sentences and gerunds used in this text Bioenergy is energy derived from “biomass” or any kind of plant or animal matter. The most traditional source of bioenergy is fuel wood or animal dung, burned in open fires for heating and cooking. In the United States,“biofuel” refers most often to liquid fuels for transportation, whereas “bioenergy” is commonly used to describe electricity or thermal energy generated from renewable biomass sources. Two modern ways to produce energy from biomass are to burn it directly in furnaces and gasifiers and to ferment biomass to produce biogas. Biofuel production uses both old and new technologies. Conventional “first generation” ethanol is made by fermenting sugars from plants with high starch or sugar content into alcohol, using the same basic methods that brewers have relied on for centuries. The purest form of biodiesel is straight vegetable oil, but a more refined form uses a fairly simple process called trans-esterification to produce methyl esters (basically, diesel). “Second-generation”biofuel technologies employ more sophisticated processes to convert biomass into fuel. These include enzymatic and other processes to convert cellulose from grasses and waste wood into ethanol and other fuels, and to process animal waste and fat, algae, and urban wastes into biodiesel. Other technologies produce not only ethanol and biodiesel, but also bio-butanol, methanol, liquid hydrogen, bio-gasoline, and synthetic diesel. Manufacturing accounts for about 84 percent of energy-related CO2 emissions and 90 percent of the energy consumption of industrial end-uses (Schipper, 2006). The predominant sectors within manufacturing include petroleum and coal products, chemicals, primary metals (steel, aluminum, etc.), paper, food, and non-metallic mineral product (cement, glass, etc.) (NAICS 2002). The large amount of energy used by manufacturing industries is largely associated with raw material separation, reaction, and processing; for this reason, they are often termed energy-intensive industries. Energy intensity in this case may be defined as the energy consumed per dollar of output produced. Manufacturing industries emit CO2 directly via in-plant fossil fuel combustion, use of carbon-based materials (e.g., natural gas) as feed streams, and calcinations of calcium carbonate in cement production. Indirect emissions are associated with electricity consumption for industrial purposes. For the industrial sector, approximately half of the CO2 emissions are direct emissions while the remainder is associated with electricity consumption. The direct industrial CO2 emissions are provided in Figure 4 (EPA 2008). Energy-intensive industries generally have low levels of R&D spending relative to other industries such as semiconductors and pharmaceuticals. The commoditized nature of the products generated by energy-intensive industries makes such R&D investments difficult. In spite of this challenge, modest improvements in energy efficiency within these industries continue to occur; in 2001, the energy intensity of the U.S. industrial sector was at its lowest level in history. Many opportunities exist for additional energy efficiency improvements. Examples of some industry specific measures are described below. Energy consumption in steelmaking is largely associated with process heating requirements. High-efficiency heating systems are under development, providing the potential for reduction of energy consumption by 63,000,000 GJ, reducing GHG production by 17,000 Gg CO2, and reducing NOx by 9.49 Gg over the next 10 years (Thekdi 2006). Cement production consumes about 4 GJ per tonne of cement produced (Khurana et al. 2002). A significant fraction (35 percent in one study; EPA 2008) of the input energy is lost as waste heat. Methods exist to recover and utilize this waste heat reducing the plant’s electricity requirements by 30 percent and improving primary energy efficiency of the plant by 10 percent. The petroleum and chemical industries both rely heavily upon large quantities of heat as part of production processes. A new generation of highly efficient and low emission process heaters has been developed and commercialized through government/industry partnerships. Improved process heating has the potential to reduce energy consumption by 88,000,000 GJ annually, producing an associated reduction of emissions: 136 Gg of NOx and 4,000 Gg of CO2 annually (Mason 2003). # Sustainable Consumption Additional strategies exist for fundamental systemic reduction of energy intensity, primarily reducing energy consumption via changes to material, product, and energy usage paradigms. Materials are integral to modern society. The extraction, processing, and manufacturing of materials requires significant energy, and in particular, the processing of virgin materials. Material selection during product design plays an important role in energy consumption associated with materials processing and manufacturing (Ashby and Johnson 2002). Disposing of used products results in the loss of all functional value and embodied energy created through materials processing and manufacturing. Significant energy benefits can therefore be achieved through reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. While many examples of these strategies currently are employed, a more pervasive use of these approaches is needed, which will require that technological barriers be surmounted and, in some cases, sociological challenges as well. Though increasing the use of recycled materials is an important step towards reducing energy consumption, dematerialization can decouple economic activity from the consumption of raw materials and energy (Reiskin et al. 1999). Dematerialization seeks to employ less total material through such methods as more efficient product designs, better materials, and transitioning from a tangible or material-based product to a service or an intangible product. .