(03,g SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS: He pb!c!deg end t'ege/e/!on Manegernen! in Forests, Ranges, and Noncrop Lands 1967 OREGON STATEUNIVERSITY, CORVALLIS SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS: I'Iei'bk!de: end Liege Fe F/on Menegernen! ('I" in Forests, Ranges, and Noncrop Lands 1967 Published by the SCHOOL OF FORESTRY Oregon State University and the DIVISION OF CONTINUING EDUCATION Oregon State System of Higher Education 1967 Additional copies of this proceedings are available for $2.50 each from the School of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 FOREWORD The nonagricultural lands of the world are being called upon today to satisfy tremendous demands from society at all levels of economic development.Until recently, costs of manage- ment of many of these lands were too high to warrant appreciable management investment for the relatively low yields.Society is beginning to realize, however, that the long-term interests of communities, states and nations are served by careful husbandry of these resources, and efforts are being made throughout the world to improve management practices. Vegetation management on nonagricultural land involves a multitude of species, vast areas, and pitifully small human and dollar resources available for implementation of practices. Herbicides have shown themselves to be economical and versatile at controlling undesirable vegetation, hence an invaluable tool for management. Early herbicide work was necessarily concerned with discovery of specific effectiveness of various compounds on problem species. As sophistication of herbicide techniques improved, it became obvious that application of some materials had substantial ecological impact on flora and fauna, and that this impact could serve or defeat the objectives of the users. The early reports of herbicide action that led to specula- tion that a panacea for vegetation ills was at hand were accom panied by reports of misuse, failure to accomplish objectives and various undesirable side effects.Experience gained in this early work has shown that herbicidal and ecological considerations must be regarded together for development of intelligent vegetation management programs.Unfortunately, there are few scientists and practitioners who are ecologists, biochemists and soil scientists at the same time. The purpose of this symposium is to offer scientists, practitioners and administrators a com- prehensive picture of herbicide science according to the best information available in 1967, and to do so in a form that will lend itself to continued building and teaching. In furtherance of the above objective, many of the world's foremost scientists, and teachers of vegetation science and herbicide technology are represented on this program. Their contribu- tions, together with those of supporting agencies and industry and the individuals that have handled local arrangements are gratefully acknowledged. Michael Newton Assistant Professor Oregon State University School of Forestry September 7, 1967 111 CONTE NTS Vegetation Management and the Welfare of Society 1 A. S. Crafts Vegation Management System of Operation 8 Michael Newton Chemistry of Herbicides V. H. Freed 12 Uptake and Movement of Herbicides in Plants 49 H. M. Hull The Physiological and Biochemical Bases of Selective Herbicide Action 56 L. A.Norris The Formulation and Application of Herbicides 67 J. H. Kirch Discovery and Development of New Herbicides 72 C. T. Lichy Response of Vegetation Communities to Manipulation 83 Michael Newton Effects of Vegetation Management on Wildlife 88 W. H. Lawrence Residues of Herbicides and Diesel Oil Carriers In Forest Waters: A Review 94 R. F. Tarrant and L. A. Norris Chemical Brush Control and Herbicide Residues in the Forest Environment 103 L. A. Norris Ecological Considerations in Brush Control 124 H. J. Gratkowski Control of Grasses and Other Vegetation in Plantations 141 Michael Newton Chemical Weeding and Release of Conifers in Western Oregon and Washington 148 P. G. Lauterbach Chemical Weeding and Release of Conifers in SoUthwestern Oregon 152 P. A. Theisen Precommercial Thinning With Chemicals 161 J. M. Finnis Preharvest Killing of Commercial Timber 167 H. A. Holt and Michael Newton V Brushfield Reclamation in California 186 J. R. Bentley Brushfield Reclamation in the Pacific Northwest 196 J. P. Johnston Conversion From Weeds to Productive Grass Cover 200 J. A. Young, R. A. Evans and R. E. Eckert, Jr. Conversion of Sagebrush Ranges to Productive Grasslands 205 D. W. Hedrick Conversion of Chaparral and Scrub Hardwood to Productive Range 214 F. W. Pond Herbicidal Control of Noncommercial Conifers on Rangeland 220 T. N. Johnsen, Jr. Residues of Herbicides and Impact on Uses by LIvestock 227 L. E. Warren Impact of Range Improvement Practices on Wildlife Habitat 243 E. R. Brown Brush and Stump Control on New Rights -of Way 248 A. F. Wetsch Brush and Ditch Weed Control In Populated Areas 257 W. R. Furtick Selective Vegetation Control to Favor Attractive and Nonobjectionable Cover 259 B. F. Roche Programed Right-of'zWay Maintenance 265 H. R. Johns Special Herbicide Combinations for Right-of-Way Brush Control 273 J. H. Kirch Responsibility of Society to Land Managers 281 W. C. Leth Legal Responsibilities of Pesticide Users 287 S. W. Turner Public Relations and Forest Management 295 S. T. Moore The Future of Vegetation Management 298 B. E. Day Treatments and Results Observed During Field Trips 304 Michael Newton and H. A. Holt Outlines of Presentations 322 vi VEGETATION MANAGEMENT AND THE WELFARE OF SOCIETY A. S. Crafts, Professor Emeritus, Botany Department, University of California, Davis This audience pretty well recognizes and understands the population explosion and the world food shortage.It is obvious that as a World Society we are in trouble. How do we tackle the problems involved? BASIC NEEDS The primary need of World Society is certainly education.And in order to have and utilize education we must have literacy.These two needs go hand in hand. Having eliminated illiteracy and gained education what is the next step? I would say we need technology to provide food and shelter and to improve living standards in everyway. To gain technological advancement we need research and this in turn ties in with education.In education we need not only the three Rs pius some history; we need new information on how to live in our modern world. And finally from education and research we need to gain conviction that conditions can be improved, and this conviction should find expression in action. PROBLEMS Our most pressing problem is going to be population and while strides are being made in population control, these are far from adequate to meet the requirements. Medicine and pharmacy are providing methods and devices, and education will show the need, yet religion, tradition, folklore, and customs present deterrants that must be overcome. Food shortage is the next great problem.Two-thirds of the world's people live in countries with nutritionally inadequate national average diets.Here chemistry and agricul- tural science are providing the needed technology to give solutions.Increased yields through variety improvement, use of fertilizers, application of pesticides and introduction of new cultural methods will go a long way toward alleviating food shortages.Storage, pro- cessitig and distribution are also important. Many of the critical conditions in India are said to result from storage losses and inadequate distribution of the food that is produced. President Johnson set up a 100-man panel a year ago to make an exhaustive study of the world food situation.They have now issued a report that concludes: "A solution to the world food problem during the next 20 years is biologically, technologically and economically possible.Politically, however, one cannot but be pessimistic about mankind doing the nec- essary things to keep famine, pestilence and war from sweeping the world.This does not, however, relieve the United States and the rest of the world in adopting major programs to meet the challenge." To the American people this report says directly: "The public must be convinced that efforts merit investment of their taxes; they must have confidence in the programs and the arm of government responsible for their administration; the programs may require between 4 and 5 billion dollars a year and must be put on a long-range basis." The panel predicts that overall world food requirements will rise by 50 percent in the next 20 years, and in the developing nations, they will double by 1985.One difficulty is that Crafts agricultural development is not a glamorous program.While 4 to 5 billion dollars per year seems big it is a mere fraction of the cost of the Vietnam war or the space program. A good many economists and agricultural experts predict that by applying modern tech- nology we can double or triple present levels of food production.These estimates are based on current acreage.What about the literally millions of acres being withdrawn for highways, airfields, and the urban sprawl.Eventually we are going to have to conserve good agricul- tural land for crop production.I hope we don't wait until it is too late to do something about this.We have community, county, state, and national planning boards working day and night to make things come out right.But from my observations most of their plans involve selling real estate, not conserving agricultural land. A third impending problem is water shortage.With advancement in technology and im- provement in living standards, industrial and domestic water needs increase greatly. Mean- while increases in irrigation to meet food requirements utilize water. Within the lifetime of many in this audience there may be severe competition among these three basic water require- ments. Desalination will help but I doubt if It will provide a complete solution. A fourth great problem is the pollution of air and water by our expanding industries and our urbanized popula tion. Research can help, and regulation may delay the crisis.