ProcurementMi Proce nis try of Home Af• India IN THIS EDITIO ss fairs Eleʼs elabora Homela m ted • Evenen n N t d - s • IDSS Heecurity & ������������� A N S P GUIDE PUBLICA TION tsʼ Refer ad q ence ua rte rs - S ʼ ro pe l cia e in l Inser t “Substantial fleet 451964-2009 augmentation is our SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS WIDENING prime objective to ensure HORIZONS ... adequate security.” —Vice Admiral Anil Chopra, AVSM, NM, Director General Indian Coast Guard 4 2008 Page 8 ������������������� Navies of the world 2009 have taken note of the capabilities ��������������� and utility of ��������������� UAVs in the naval environment. The Indian Navy � � � � � � � ������� commenced UAV O c t o b e r - N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 9 ▸ V o l 4 N o 5 “The armed forces must be fully equipped operations as far back as 2002. to deal with all threat scenarios... trained to Rs 75.00 (INDIA-BASED BUYER ONLY) WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET fight anywhere, anytime and under any con- 3Page ditions. Their ability to deal with non-tradi- 9 tional threats must receive greater attention.” —Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, addressing the Combined Commanders’ Conference on October 20 Indo-Russian JAYANT defence ties BARANWAL are looking up follow- MANAGING ing Defence EDITOR & Minister A.K. PUBLISHER Antony’s visit to Moscow dur- ing October � �to � �attend � � � � � Submarines the ninth conclave of the India-Russia Inter Governmental Commission on Military Technical Cooperation. Decks have been cleared to extend the Military Technical Cooperation for 10 years from 2011 to 2020 and the After-Sales Product Support for Defence Equipment of Russian origin. Both the pacts will be inked when Prime entional Minister Dr Manmohan Singh visits Russia in December. However, the price of aircraft car- rier Admiral Gorshkov is yet to be finalised. Indo-US defence ties are also looking up with orders worth $3.5 billion (Rs 16,440 Conv crore) of military hardware placed last year. India’s Ambassador to the US Meera Shankar is optimistic about the future with the Indo-US defence cooperation meet at defence secre- tary level to be hosted by Delhi in November. The good news for the navy is the appoint- ment of former Naval Chief Admiral Sureesh Mehta as India’s High Commissioner to New Zealand. This issue opens with the interview of Vice Admiral Anil Chopra, DG Indian Coast Guard where he unfurls the coast guard’s vision and plans to provide effective coastal security. He also maps the route that coast FUTURE guard will take for future growth. Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) is a com- plex subject and, underlining its significance, the article quotes the former Chief of Naval The performance of the AIP Operations, US Navy, Admiral Johnson, “ASW W system on Type U-214s has HD embodies the essence of sea control, which in further been enhanced by two turn remains the foundation for global power Siemens PEM fuel cells, which projection.” In the critique on brown water produce 120kw per module navy, the author argues that although blue Photograph: TRENDS water navy has been on the wish list of all the Endurance of a conventional submarine being an important limiting factor, navies, littoral warfare and coastal security has triggered a rethink of having suitable sys- R&D in the field of submarine propulsion systems dominates the future trends in tems for such a role. Then there is an article on the role and employment of Unmanned conventional submarines Aerial Vehicles in the navy. News Digest and appointments, as always, wrap up the issue. LIEUTENANT C O M M A N D E R A M I T SOOD hough various types of sub- in submarine technology like snorkel for features to modern day weapons. marines were developed over charging batteries at periscope depth, HF Conventional diesel-electric submarines a period of time, submarines Communication, Radar, Sonar, Direction need to rise to periscope depth periodi- truly proved their worth during Finding systems, high performance batter- cally to recharge their batteries by using Tthe Second World War, and emerged as ies, and so on influenced submarine tactics generators driven by air breathing diesel one of the most potent and stealthy naval and their effectiveness. After the Second engines, making them indiscrete. During platforms. The U-boat menace forced the World War, research and development in this evolution, submarines are most vulner- JAYANT BARANWAL affected forces to employ tactics to coun- submarine technology continued in various able to detection by enemy forces. The PUBLISHER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ter the deadly threat. Many developments spheres ranging from propulsion, design quest to overcome this inherent vulner- SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2009 1 AIP Adoption by Global Navies Comparison of AIP Systems Development of AIP has come to be AIP Design Detection Efficiency Other Aspects recognised as an epoch making evolu- CCDE - Simple Noise level Same as LOX storage prob- tion in the field of conventional subma- - Proven technology comparable to normal diesel lem rines. Taking advantage of significant - Low cost conventional engine. features of the technologies developed submarines. and available in the international mar- ket leading navies have been vying to Sterling - Complicated Acoustic sig- Lower than LOX storage prob- imbibe this cost effective option not Engine - Needs ‘clean’ Fuel natures high CCDE lem. just for the new projects, but exercising - Low power output, due to direct the retrofit option, as well for the exist- (max 75 kw) discharge a ing inventories of their conventional - High cost of O2/CO2 in submarines. Available details of those water. Navanti countries which have adopted or are in S-80 by Spainish shipyard, has considerably enhanced MESMA - Design is more Noise levels Low efficiency - Expected sub- the process of integrating AIP into their the submerged endurance of conventional submarine conventional submarine fleet have been complicated than CCD lower than due to steam merged endur- without having to surface for regular battery charging. Photograph: compiled as under: - A derivative of nuclear CCD/Stirling plant. ance – 16 days steam plant system engines for Agosta 90B China - High Cost submarines. China has built Type 039A/B, codenamed Yuan Class by the NATO, at Wuchang Shipyard in the inland Hubei Province, - Problem of stor- which is first submarine to be incorporated with an advanced AIP system. The submarine has six bow mounted torpedo ing reactants tubes that can launch a range of Chinese indigenous or Russian wire-/acoustic-/wake-homing torpedoes, as well as the and combustion 80 km-range YJ-82 submarine-launched anti-ship missile. products. Russia Fuel - Simple design. Extremely Highest - High submerged Renowned Submarine Design Bureau, Rubin has reportedly developed successfully the AIP based conventional subma- Cells - Low cost. quiet efficiency endurance. rine as Project 636 Kilo Class which is an advanced Fourth Generation Diesel-Electric conventional submarine. This is a highly advanced and improved project with much quieter characteristics, new combat systems, powerful missiles and - Depth independence Very good High reliability - Can be coupled torpedoes and control systems. operational lifetime to batteries and and control run in parallel. France Module d’Energie Sous-Marine Autonome (MESMA) is the French system for AIP which was developed for the Scorpène features class by DCNS for fitting out on conventional submarines. It is a conventional steam turbine power plant powered by steam generated from the combustion of ethanol (grain alcohol) and stored oxygen at a pressure of 60 atmospheres. This • Stirling Engine pression and the compressed gas exposed to pressure-firing allows exhaust carbon dioxide to be expelled overboard at any depth without an exhaust compressor. • Fuel Cells heat, thereby increasing the pressure at con- Spain • Closed Cycle Steam Turbine—MESMA stant volume. Subsequently, the gas expands Renowned Spanish shipyard Navantia has successfully integrated the improved version of AIP into Project S-80, which in expansion space and works on the expan- is similar to the French MESMA, but has considerably enhanced the submerged endurance of conventional submarine Closed Cycle Diesel Engine sion piston. Thus, the heat energy is con- without having to surface for regular battery charging. The AIP consists of steam heated by a primary circuit, in which A Closed Cycle Diesel Engine (CCDE) can verted to mechanical energy. This mechanical a combustion chamber burns a gaseous mixture of fuel (diesel or ethanol) and oxygen liquid that is stored in a low be operated in its conventional mode on energy can be utilised to generate electricity pressure cryogenic tank. The thermal energy is then converted into electrical energy using a conventional Rankine cycle. the surface and at periscope depth while for either propulsion or for charging batteries The process includes a Generator Steam Turbo Alternator which flow oxygen and fuel directly to determine the demand snorting (wherein air is ingested from the of a conventional diesel electric plant. for power and combustion products. The range of the power generated is 150 to 600 kW in the case of the submarine atmosphere). In the submerged configura- The engine exhaust is disseminated S-80, as opposed to original capacity of 300 kW. tion, the diesel engine runs air which is overboard by a water management system. Germany created from stored oxygen and argon. However, the acoustic signature of the sub- The hydrogen-oxygen propulsion had been considered for conventional submarines even during World War I. However, The exhaust is cooled and then chemi- marine is anticipated to be higher due to the concept severely suffered from inherent dangers of fire and explosion. German shipyard HDW over the past several cally scrubbed in an absorber to remove exhaust discharge. Like the CCDE, liquid decades have worked on the R&D to augment propulsion system for conventional submarines.