A Chronology ofV. I. Lenin's Life (1870-1924) 1870 April: V. I. Lenin (born Vladimir Illich Ulyanov) is born in 1870 in the town of Simbirsk on the Volga River 1887 June: Lenin graduates from gymnasium (high school) 1887 May: Lenin's brother Alexander is executed 1887 August: Lenin enters the University of Kazan 1887 December: Lenin is arrested for participating in student protests 1887 December: Lenin is expelled from the University and exiled to the village of Kokushkino near Kazan' for one year 1891 November: Lenin graduates from the University of St. Petersburg 1893 Autumn: Lenin joins a Marxist circle in St. Petersburg 1894 Nicholas II becomes tsar 1895 December: Lenin is arrested and spends 14 months in prison. 1897 February: Lenin is sentenced to three years exile in Eastern Siberia 1898 July: Lenin marries Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaia 1898- 1900 In exile, Lenin writes The Development of Capitalism in Russia 1900 July: On returning from exile, Lenin goes abroad to Switzerland and other countries 1901 Lenin, who has been known until this point as Ulyanov, adopts the name N. Lenin 1901- 1902 Lenin writes What Is to Be Done? and edits Iskra (The Spark) 1903 July-August: Lenin attends the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and helps to split the party into factions: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 1904 February: Beginning of Russo-Japanese War 162 CHRONOLOGY 163 1904 December: Surrender of Port Arthur to Japanese 1905 january: The "Bloody Sunday" massacre; The First Russian Rev­ olution begins 1905 june-july. Lenin writes Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution 1905 September: Treaty of Portsmouth ending Russo-Japanese War is signed 1905 October: October Manifesto: Nicholas II promises a constitution and an elected representative assembly 1905 November: Lenin returns to Russia amidst the Revolution of 1905 1907 November: Lenin leaves Helsinki (then part of the Russian Em­ pire) for Geneva and then Paris 1912 january: Lenin plays a leading role in the Sixth Party Conference in Prague, which is in effect a Bolshevik conference 1912 April: Lenin helps to found the legal Bolshevik newspaper Pravda (fhe Truth) 1914 August: World War I begins 1915 September: Lenin attends the First International Socialist Confer­ ence in Switzerland and demands a new revolutionary Interna­ tional 1917 February (March): February Revolution; Nicholas II abdicates 1917 April: Lenin travels on a German train to Sweden 1917 April: Lenin arrives at the Finland Station in Petrograd from Rus­ sian Finland 1917 April: Lenin reads his "April Theses" to party members, and it is readied for publication in Pravda 1917 july: Lenin writes State and Revolution 1917 july-November: Lenin is accused of being a German agent and goes into hiding 1917 November: Lenin leads the Second All-Russian Congress of Sovi­ ets and is elected the head of the government (the Council of the People's Commissars) 1918 March: The capital of Russia is transferred to Moscow; Lenin comes to Moscow 1918 November: Germany signs the armistice ending World War I 1919 March: Lenin opens the First Congress of the Communist Inter­ national 1919 june: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles 164 CHRONOLOGY 1920 December: Poland invades Ukraine 1921 March: Lenin leads the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party, which proclaims the New Economic Policy 1922 April: Stalin appointed general secretary of the Communist Party 1922 April: Treaty of Rapallo signed between Russia and Germany 1922 May: Lenin suffers his first stroke 1922 December: Lenin suffers a second major stroke and other strokes follow 1922 December: Lenin begins dictating his "Letter to the Congress," which is later described as his "testament" 1922 February: Lenin dictates his last notes 1923 March: Lenin dictates his letter to Stalin 1923 March: Lenin suffers a massive, incapacitating stroke 1924 January: Lenin dies Questions for Consideration 1. What experiences informed Lenin's ideology and interest in revolution? 2. What kind of party did Lenin seek to create (Documents 2-3)? Why did he ban factions at the Tenth Party Congress (Documents 38-40)? 3. Describe Lenin's attitude toward different social classes and social groups. 4. To which social groups did Lenin appeal-first as a revolutionary and then later as a party leader? 5. How did Lenin regard his opponents outside and inside the party? 6. What were Lenin's stated objectives and what might have been his unstated objectives in adopting War Communism (Documents 15, 17, 28, 30, 33) and the New Economic Policy (Documents 42, 43, 44, 46)? 7. Was the Bolshevik political system consistent with the New Economic Policy or were there some contradictions? 8. How important was world revolution to Lenin? 9. To what extent can Leninism be described as an ideology separate from Marxism? To what extent can Leninism be described as a logical outgrowth of Marxism? 10. What were Lenin's long-term goals? 11. Describe Lenin's place in Russian and world history. 12. Provide a rationale for excluding some documents from Lenin's Com­ plete Works. Why were the original versions of the documents pub­ lished only after the fall of the USSR? 13. To what extent was Lenin an idealist, an ideological actor, or a prag­ matist? 165 Selected Bibliography V. I. LENIN'S WORKS AND DOCUMENTS Buranov, Y., Lenin's Will: Falsified and Forbidden. From the Secret Archives of the Former Soviet Union. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994. Lenin, V. I., Collected Works. 45 vols. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1960- 1970. Lenin, V. I. Lenin's Final Fight: Speeches and Writings 1922-23. New York: Pathfinder, 1995. Pipes, R., ed. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996. Tucker, R. C., ed. The Lenin Anthology. New York: Norton, 1975. SECONDARY LITERATURE Brovkin, V., ed. The Bolsheviks in Russian Society. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997. Carrere d'Encausse, H. Lenin. New York: Holmes and Meier, 2001. Clark, R. W. Lenin. New York: Harper and Row, 1988. Conquest, R. Lenin. London: Viking, 1972. Fitzpatrick, S., A Rabinovich, and R. Stites, eds. Russia in the Era of NEP. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. Haimson, L. The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism. Cam­ bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955. Harding, N. Lenin's Political Thought. 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's, 1977, 1981. Koenker, D., W. Rosenberg, and R. Suny, eds. Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. Le Blanc, P. Lenin and the Revolutionary Party. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1990. Liebman, M. Leninism under Lenin. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1985. Lukacs, G. Lenin: A Study on the Unity of His Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971. Marples, D. R. Lenin's Revolution: Russia, 1917-1921. Harlow, England: Longman, 2000. 166 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 167 Pomper, P. Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin: The Intelligentsia and Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Rice, C. Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary. London: Cassell, 1990. Schapiro, Leonard, and Peter Reddaway, eds., Lenin. The Man, the Theo­ rist, the Leader: A Reappraisal. New York: F. A Praeger, 1967. Service, R. Lenin: A Biography. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. Service, R. Lenin: A Political Life. 3 vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985, 1991, 1995. Shub, David. Lenin. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948. Treadgold, D. Lenin and His Rivals: The Struggle for Russia's Future. 1898-1906. New York: F. A Praeger, 1955. Tumarkin, N. Lenin Lives. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997. Ulam, A B. Lenin and the Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History ofthe Triumph of Communism in Russia. London: Seeker and Warburg, 1966. Valentinov, N. The Early Years of Lenin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969. Volkogonov, Dmitri. Lenin: A New Biography. New York: Free Press, 1994. Volkogonov, D. Lenin: Life and Legacy. London: HarperCollins, 1994. Williams, B. Lenin. Harlow, England and New York: Longman, 2000. Williams, R. C., Lenin and His Critics, 1904-1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. Wolfe, B. D. Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History. New York: Dell Publishing, 1964. Index agricultural policy, 7, 54, 99, 134. See also Blumkin, Yakov, 70n food; grain; peasants Boer War, 19 Alexander (lenin's brother), 5/, 7, 162 Bolsheviks. See also Communist Party; Alexander II, tsar, 3-4, 7 Russian Communist Party Alexander III, tsar, 7 agricultural program of, 54 Allies,20, 76,83-84 Central Committee, 18, 26, 63-64, 101-2, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 125-29, 153-55 62n,65, 70n, 71n,97, 122,136 challenges of, 67 All-Russian Communist Party, 18 Constituent Assembly, promise to All-Russian Congress of Producers, 107 convene,65 All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' "Decree on the Press" and, 141-42 and Soldiers' Deputies, 17, 62, 62n, 63, disputes and opposition in (1920-1921), 66n, 163 104-6 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for economic policy and, 94, 103 Struggle against Counterrevolution, as the majority, 10 Sabotage, and Speculation, 69, 73, 77, as members of All-Russian Central 139 Executive Committee, 62n All-Russian Party Conference, Ninth, 92 as party of order, 57-58 All-Ukrainian Party Conference, 109n rule and the new soviet state, 17-20 American Relief Administration (ARA), Russian Orthodox Christianity and, 134 146-47 anti-Bolshevik popular uprisings and shift in seizure of power by, 37-60 policy, 111-15 split with Mensheviks, 39, 162 "April Theses," 14, 37, 49, 163 support for, 54 Armand, Inessa, 150, 150n terror against Mensheviks and Socialist­ Armenia, 20, 52 Revolutionaries, 135-36 arrests, mass, 74 treaties with Britain and France and, Asia. See Central Asia 51 Austria-Hungary, 49 uprisings against, 111-15 autonomization, 159-60 Bolshoi Theatre, 143-44 Avksentyev, Nikolai Dmitrievich, 66, 66n Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir Dmitrievich, Azerbaijan, 20 73-74 bourgeoisie.