East Japan Earthquake International Environment and Disaster Management UNESCO Bangkok Laboratory Education for Sustainable Development Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies 920 Sukhumvit Rd, Prakanong, Klongtoey and Tsunami KYOTO UNIVERSITY Bangkok 10110, Thailand Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPAN Tel/ Fax: 81-75-753-5708 Tel. +6623910577 ext 221. Fax. +6623910866 Key Lessons for the Education Sector Web: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ http://www.unesco.org/bangkok Key Lessons and Issues New Role of of Schools Structure, Function and Human Effectiveness School and E-HFA Tasks Location, Educational Resources of Disaster Multi- stakeholder Layout Continuity and Training Education Dialogue of Schools Tasks1 Tasks2 E-HFA1 Tasks3 Tasks4 Tasks5 E-HFA E-HFA2 Tasks6 Tasks7 Tasks8 E-HFA3 Tasks9 Tasks10 Tasks11 Tasks12 E-HFA4 E-HFA1： Tasks13 Tasks14 Tasks15 E-HFA5 Task1～4 Tasks16 Low Performance, Need improvements Moderate Performance High Performance an of an Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO Bangkok concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO Bangkok and do not commit the Organization. Authors: Rajib Shaw Yukiko Takeuchi Kyoto University, Japan Contacts: Rajib Shaw Associate Professor Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies KYOTO UNIVERSITY Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JAPAN Tel/ Fax: 81-75-753-5708 Web: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ E-mail: [email protected] East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Key Lessons in the Education Sector Contents 1. Overview of East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami ...p3 2. Role of Schools in Japan as Evacuation Centers...p6 3. Selected Cases of Impacts on Schools in the Tohoku Area...p8 4. Priority of Community and School Facilities as Evacuation Centers...p16 5. Key Lessons Learned from the Disaster and its Aftermath...p18 ii Overview of East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 1 A massive earthquake of magnitude The earthquake was the fourth 9.0 occurred on Friday 11 March, mega earthquake known to date; off the Pacifi c coast of northeastern the other three were the Chile Japan (Tohoku Region). More than earthquake in 1960, the Alaska 15,000 people were killed and the earthquake in 1964 and Sumatra number of the missing persons is earthquake in 2004. The fi rst more than 3,500 (NPA, 2011). Table tsunami reached the Japanese 1 and 2 are the overview of the mainland 20 minutes aft er the earthquake and tsunami provided earthquake and ulti mately aff ected by JMA (2011). a 2000 km stretch of Japan’s Pacifi c Date and Time 11 March 2011 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) Magnitude 9.0 (interim value; the largest earthquake recorded in Japan) N38.1, E142.9 (130km ESE off Ojika Peninsula) Depth 24km (interim Hypocenter value) 7 (Max): Kurihara City of Miyagi Prefecture JMA Seismic Intensity 6+: 28 cities and towns (including Wakuya Town, Tome City, Osaki City, (refer to Figure 1) Natori City) in Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, and Tochigi Prefectures 6- or weaker: Observed nationwide from Hokkaido to Kyushu Table 1 Earthquake Details Number of Areas (Total: 66 areas) Date and Time Action Warning Warning Advisory (3m or higher) (Up to 2m) (About 0.5m) 11 March 2011 14:49 JST (05:49 UTC) Issued 3 5 15 11 March 2011 15:14 JST (06:14 UTC) Increased 6 7 23 11 March 2011 15:33 JST (06:33 UTC) Increased 10 24 11 11 March 2011 16:08 JST (07:08 UTC) Increased 17 19 17 11 March 2011 18:47 JST (09:47 UTC) Increased 17 19 18 11 March 2011 21:35 JST (12:35 UTC) Increased 17 22 19 11 March 2011 22:53 JST (13:53 UTC) Increased 18 21 19 12 March 2011 03:20 JST (18:20 UTC) Increased 18 21 27 12 March 2011 13:50 JST (04:50 UTC) Decreased 4 11 26 12 March 2011 20:20 JST (11:20 UTC) Decreased 0 4 21 13 March 2011 07:30 JST (22:30 UTC) Decreased 0 0 15 13 March 2011 17:58 JST (08:58 UTC) Lifted 0 0 0 Table 2. Tsunami warning and advisories [Source: JMA 2011] Overview of East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami iii coast (Shaw and Takeuchi 2012). 200,000 people, many of whom sti ll remain in temporary housing. This disaster caused widespread human suff ering and catastrophic The tsunami hit the prefectures damage to housing and of Iwate and Miyagi at diff erent infrastructure (Table 3). According ti mes, with the closest occurring to the Nati onal Police Agency, the approximately 22 to 25 minutes death total is esti mated at 15,840 from the ti me of the earthquake, people (2011/12/9). The main and the farthest occurring cause of death was drowning, with approximately one hour aft er people more than 60 years old the earthquake. On an average, accounti ng for 65% of the dead. The there was 30-40 minutes ti me lag number of deaths was about three between the earthquake and the ti mes of that of the Great Hanshin arrival of the tsunami (illustrated in Awaji Earthquake. 120,241 houses Figure 1). were completely destroyed and 189.822 houses parti ally collapsed In the East Japan Earthquake and as of 17 November 2011. The peak Tsunami, the educati on sector number of evacuees reached to experienced massive damage, Prefecture Population Houses Inundation Inundation Total Half Dead Missing above fl oor under fl oor collapsed collapsed level level Hokkaido 1 4 329 545 Aomori 3 1 310 851 Iwate 4665 1420 20184 4551 1761 323 Miyagi 9503 1994 77034 93568 7053 11009 Akita Yamagata 2 37 80 Fukushima 1605 222 18373 56864 62 339 Tokyo 7 11 Ibaragi 24 1 3225 23005 1609 726 Tochigi 4 264 2029 Gunma 1 7 Saitama 5 Chiba 20 2 783 9205 153 720 Kanagawa 4 38 Table 3. Damage situati on as of 2011/11/21 (Source: Nati onal Police Agency) iv Overview of East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami along with other sectors such as Many schools and learners and housing, infrastructure, energy and educators within them were civil society. In total, 6,284 public aff ected by the disaster. One of schools received damage and 733 the key reasons for this was the school students/teachers died or proximity of the schools to the missing as a result of the 2011 coastlines. The Okawa elementary Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami School of Ishinomaki city is one of (MEXT, 2011). MEXT classifi ed the the few schools, where the students damage each school suff ered into and teachers died in the school three levels. Figure 4 shows the building itself since they did not breakdown of school number of evacuate to higher places. However, damage levels 1-3. 193 schools not all the coastal schools suff ered belong to damage level 1, indicati ng from loss of the lives of school total destructi on rendering the children, which has been att ributed conti nued use of the school to other factors such as size and impossible. Level 2 signifi ed heavy structure of school, links with the damage, necessitati ng structural community, disaster risk reducti on repairs. Level 3 signifi ed minor educati on etc. damage, mostly non-structural. Figure 1. Tsunami hitti ng the Iwate [above] and Miyagi [below] prefectures [Source: Nati onal Geographic 2011] Overview of East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami v Role of Schools in Japan as Evacuation Center 2 According to the Ministry of work of Shaw, Shiwaku, Kobayashi Educati on, Culture, Sports, Science and Kobayashi (2004) and many and Technology (MEXT), there were other publicati ons. Also, Shiwaku, about 42,000 public schools as of Fujieda, Takeuchi and Shaw (2010) Japan in 2009. The school has two describe that disaster educati on in social roles: as place of learning and school is an eff ecti ve means to raise living for children, and the core of awareness of not only students but the community for hosti ng diff erent also their family members and the community events in the schools, community (Shaw and Kobayashi such as sport festi vals. In its role 2001). as a place of learning and living for children, the Central Council According to a survey conducted by for Educati on of MEXT describes the Fire and Disaster Management schools as the following (Takeuchi Agency (FDMA) in 2008, schools and Shaw 2012): account for 60% of the public buildings used as disaster “A school should provide balanced preventi on faciliti es (Figure 2). educati on for the att ainment of Furthermore, according to the knowledge and moral and physical Nati onal Insti tute for Educati on health during the developmental Policy Research (NIER), in 2011 stage of children. In additi on, 89.3% of all public schools in Japan schools should contribute to lifelong are allocated as evacuati on sites. learning. In parti cular, focusing on Also, municipality schools account base and accidence are important for 91.8% of public schools used to enhance the academic ability and as evacuati on sites (Figure 3). make a base of learning for life. Also, Most of the elementary and junior it is fundamental to develop a good high schools are administered by heart in terms of humanity and municipaliti es in Japan.