LATEXML The Manual ALATEX to XML/HTML/MATHML Converter; Version 0.8.5 Bruce R. Miller November 17, 2020 ii Contents Contents iii List of Figures vii 1 Introduction1 2 Using LATEXML 5 2.1 Conversion...............................6 2.2 Postprocessing.............................7 2.3 Splitting................................. 11 2.4 Sites................................... 11 2.5 Individual Formula........................... 13 3 Architecture 15 3.1 latexml architecture........................... 15 3.2 latexmlpost architecture......................... 18 4 Customization 19 4.1 LaTeXML Customization........................ 20 4.1.1 Expansion............................ 20 4.1.2 Digestion............................ 22 4.1.3 Construction.......................... 24 4.1.4 Document Model........................ 27 4.1.5 Rewriting............................ 28 4.1.6 Packages and Options..................... 28 4.1.7 Miscellaneous......................... 29 4.2 latexmlpost Customization....................... 29 4.2.1 XSLT.............................. 30 4.2.2 CSS............................... 30 5 Mathematics 33 5.1 Math Details............................... 34 5.1.1 Internal Math Representation.................. 34 5.1.2 Grammatical Roles....................... 36 iii iv CONTENTS 6 Localization 39 6.1 Numbering............................... 39 6.2 Input Encodings............................. 40 6.3 Output Encodings............................ 40 6.4 Babel.................................. 40 7 Alignments 41 7.1 TEX Alignments............................. 41 7.2 Tabular Header Heuristics....................... 41 7.3 Math Forks............................... 42 7.4 eqnarray................................. 43 7.5 AMS Alignments............................ 43 8 Metadata 45 8.1 RDFa.................................. 45 9 ToDo 47 A Commands 51 latexml ................................ 51 latexmlpost ............................. 54 latexmlmath ............................. 62 B Bindings 67 C Modules 69 LaTeXML ................................ 69 LaTeXML::Global ......................... 70 LaTeXML::Package ......................... 71 LaTeXML::MathParser ...................... 97 C.1 Common Modules........................... 99 LaTeXML::Common::Config ................... 99 LaTeXML::Common::Object ................... 113 LaTeXML::Common::Color .................... 115 LaTeXML::Common::Color::rgb ................ 116 LaTeXML::Common::Color::hsb ................ 116 LaTeXML::Common::Color::cmy ................ 116 LaTeXML::Common::Color::cmyk ............... 116 LaTeXML::Common::Color::gray ............... 116 LaTeXML::Common::Color::Derived ............. 117 LaTeXML::Common::Number ................... 117 LaTeXML::Common::Float .................... 118 LaTeXML::Common::Dimension ................. 118 LaTeXML::Common::Glue ..................... 119 LaTeXML::Common::Font ..................... 119 LaTeXML::Common::Model .................... 120 LaTeXML::Common::Model::DTD ................ 121 CONTENTS v LaTeXML::Common::Model::RelaxNG ............. 121 LaTeXML::Common::Error .................... 121 C.2 Core Modules.............................. 123 LaTeXML::Core::State ..................... 123 LaTeXML::Core::Mouth ..................... 126 LaTeXML::Core::Gullet ..................... 126 LaTeXML::Core::Stomach .................... 129 LaTeXML::Core::Document ................... 131 LaTeXML::Core::Rewrite .................... 138 LaTeXML::Core::Token ..................... 138 LaTeXML::Core::Tokens ..................... 140 LaTeXML::Core::Box ....................... 140 LaTeXML::Core::List ...................... 141 LaTeXML::Core::Comment .................... 141 LaTeXML::Core::Whatsit .................... 141 LaTeXML::Core::Alignment .................. 143 LaTeXML::Core::KeyVals .................... 143 LaTeXML::Core::MuDimension ................. 147 LaTeXML::Core::MuGlue ..................... 147 LaTeXML::Core::Pair ...................... 147 LaTeXML::Core::PairList ................... 147 LaTeXML::Core::Definition ................. 148 LaTeXML::Core::Definition::CharDef .......... 149 LaTeXML::Core::Definition::Conditional ....... 149 LaTeXML::Core::Definition::Constructor ....... 149 LaTeXML::Core::Definition::Expandable ........ 150 LaTeXML::Core::Definition::Primitive ......... 150 LaTeXML::Core::Definition::Register ......... 150 LaTeXML::Core::Parameter .................. 151 LaTeXML::Core::Parameters ................. 151 C.3 Utility Modules............................. 152 LaTeXML::Util::Pathname ................... 152 LaTeXML::Util::WWW ....................... 154 LaTeXML::Util::Pack ...................... 155 C.4 Preprocessing Modules......................... 156 LaTeXML::Pre::BibTeX ..................... 156 C.5 Postprocessing Modules........................ 157 LaTeXML::Post ........................... 157 LaTeXML::Post::MathML ..................... 157 D Schema 161 D.1 Module LaTeXML ........................... 161 D.2 Module LaTeXML-common ...................... 163 D.3 Module LaTeXML-inline ...................... 175 D.4 Module LaTeXML-block ....................... 179 D.5 Module LaTeXML-misc ....................... 186 vi CONTENTS D.6 Module LaTeXML-meta ....................... 188 D.7 Module LaTeXML-para ....................... 192 D.8 Module LaTeXML-math ....................... 195 D.9 Module LaTeXML-tabular ..................... 202 D.10 Module LaTeXML-picture ..................... 204 D.11 Module LaTeXML-structure ................... 210 D.12 Module LaTeXML-bib ........................ 226 E Error Codes 235 F CSS Classes 239 Index 243 List of Figures 3.1 Flow of data through LATEXML’s digestive tract............. 16 vii viii LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Introduction Note: Some of the more detailed portions of this manual have not kept uptodate with the evolution of the code and style of LATEXML, but rather than delay release, we’ll improve the documentation in a later update. For many, LATEX is the preferred format for document authoring, particularly those involving significant mathematical content and where quality typesetting is desired. On the other hand, content-oriented XML is an extremely useful representation for doc- uments, allowing them to be used, and reused, for a variety of purposes, not least, presentation on the Web. Yet, the style and intent of LATEX markup, as compared to XML markup, not to mention its programmability, presents difficulties in converting documents from the former format to the latter. Perhaps ironically, these difficulties can be particularly large for mathematical material, where there is a tendency for the markup to focus on appearance rather than meaning. The choice of LATEX for authoring, and XML for delivery were natural and uncon- troversial choices for the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions1. Faced with the need to perform this conversion and the lack of suitable tools to perform it, the DLMF project proceeded to develop thier own tool, LATEXML, for this purpose. Design Goals The idealistic goals of LATEXML are: • Faithful emulation of TEX’s behaviour; • Easily extensible; • Lossless, preserving both semantic and presentation cues; • Use an abstract LATEX-like, extensible, document type; 1http://dlmf.nist.gov 1 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION • Infer the semantics of mathematical content (Good Presentation MATHML, eventually Content MATHML and OpenMath). As these goals are not entirely practical, even somewhat contradictory, they are im- plicitly modified by as much as possible. Completely mimicing TEX’s, and LATEX’s, behaviour would seem to require the sneakiest modifications to TEX, itself; redefining LATEX’s internals does not really guarantee compatibility. “Ease of use” is, of course, in the eye of the beholder; this manual is an attempt to make it easier! More significantly, few documents are likely to have completely unambiguous mathematics markup; hu- man understanding of both the topic and the surrounding text is needed to properly interpret any particular fragment. Thus, while we’ll try to provide a “turn-key” so- lution that does the ‘Right Thing’ automatically, we expect that applications requir- ing high semantic content will require document-specific declarations and tuning to achieve the desired result. Towards this end, we provide a variety of means to cus- tomize the processing and declare the author’s intent. At the same time, especially for new documents, we encourage a more logical, content-oriented markup style, over a purely presentation-oriented style. Overview of this Manual Chapter2 describes the usage of LATEXML, along with common use cases and techniques. Chapter3 describes the system architecture in some detail. Strategies for customization and implementation of new packages is de- scribed in Chapter4. The special considerations for mathematics, including details of representation and how to improve the conversion, are covered in Chapter5. Several specialized topics are covered in the remaining chapters. An overview of outstanding issues and planned future improvements are given in Chapter9. Finally, the Appendices give detailed documentation the system components: Ap- pendixA describes the command-line programs provided by the system; AppendixB lists the LATEX style packages for which we’ve provided LATEXML-specific bindings. AppendixC describes the various Perl modules, in groups, that comprise the sys- tem. AppendixD describes the XML schema used by LATEXML. AppendixE gives an overview of the warning and error messages that LATEXML may generate.