Fecal Sludge Management in Bangladesh: Institutional and Regulatory Framework i. Background of IRF Development Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Professor of BUET & Coordinator South Asia Urban Knowledge Hub Bangladesh, ITN-BUET Rajendrapur BRAC Center 18 December 2016 Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Global Context Of 7.0 billion global population, 2.4 billion people have access to sewers and 1.9 billion lack any services * 2.7 billion people worldwide depends on on-site sanitation (OSS); about 1.0 billion in urban areas; expected to grow to 5.0 billion by 2030 * Estimated volume of faecal sludge about 245 billion litres/year with a market potential of $2.3 billion/year * 593 million in southern Asia depends on OSS About 156 of 160 million in Bangladesh uses OSS (* Ref: The Boston Consulting Group, December 2012) Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Shift in Global Thinking Re Sustainable Sanitation OSS no more temporary solution; with effective FSM in place OSS could be effective, long term, sustainable solution 5.0 m3 untreated FS into environment is equivalent to about 5000 people practicing OD; Cost of FSM technologies could be 5 times less expensive than conventional sewer based solutions FSM based OSS can result in immediate environmental improvement as it does not have to wait for huge Capex to be arranged , which is required for sewer based solutions Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Sanitation Situation in Bangladesh Improved sanitation 61% Shared latrines 28% Unimproved latrines 10% 1% Total 99% 1990 2000 2015 Use some form of latrines! Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman National-Scale Sanitation Status: JMP 2015 (Unicef-WHO) Country Improved Open Defecation Sanitation (% of population) (% of population) Sri Lanka 95 0 Bangladesh 61 1 Pakistan 64 13 Nepal 46 32 India 40 44 • Improvement in Sanitation Coverage in Bangladesh over the past decade is “remarkable”. Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Sanitation technologies behind this rapid sanitation coverage • Rapid increase in sanitation coverage was achieved through use of on-site sanitation facilities: – Pour-flush latrines, and – Septic tank system Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Septic Tank System Major Option in All Urban Areas (including some Slums) Fecal Sludge Scum SludgeSludge 7 Pour Flush Sanitation (Rural areas; Urban slum/low-income communities) Fecal Sludge Pit Liquid Infiltration Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman 8 Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Fecal sludge is a growing concern in the developing world including Bangladesh. In absence of appropriate management system discharge of fecal sludge into storm drains, adjacent water bodies or low-lying areas is common. Such practice leading to serious environmental degradation giving rise to significant public health concerns and economic loss. FSM therefore is a critical need throughout the developing world including Bangladesh Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman FSM System Elements Disposal Containment Emptying Transport Treatment or reuse Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman FSM Versus Network Sewerage FSM deals with the management of sludge from OSS facilities while wastewater management deals with sewered sanitation FS may be treated separately or may be co-treated in a sewage treatment plant or may be treated with household solid waste FSM must be seen as complete system Household/ Collection Transport Treatment Enduse/ community Disposal OSS facility Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Household/ Private Company and/ or NGOs Private Company community and/ or NGOs DNCC/ DSCC DWASA MoLGRDC Development partners FSM: Challenges related to Containment Most human faeces are not contained safely Pit latrines and ‘septic tanks’ do not function effectively Faecal sludge finds its way directly into the environment Need to ensure safe containment of onsite sanitation by setting and enforcing building and emptying regulations Who will ensure that? Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman FSM: Challenges related to Emptying and Transportation Access to OSS facility Appropriate collection system (vehicle, safety issues) Travel distance/ Transfer station Often sludge does not reach official dumping site due to indiscriminate dumping of sludge Existing services: informal and outside public sector control Small operators: difficult to run a profitable business Which institutions are responsible? Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman FSM: Challenges related to Treatment and Disposal Only a small % is being treated due to lack of dedicated facilities Land for treatment Standard treatment facilities require massive investments Quality assurance of treated FS for enduse Appropriate sludge treatment plants are needed to ensure a complete and effective sanitation value chain Institutional roles and responsibilities Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman need to be clearly defined. Why Institutional/ Regulatory Framework? To clearly assign responsibility of FSM to specific institutions based on based on existing laws, policies and strategies. To avoid overlapping and unclear allocation of responsibilities of concerned institutions. To identify specific roles/activities to be carried out by concerned institutions. To ensure stakeholders coordination. To facilitate attaining environmental, financial and social sustainability. Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Background of Developing IRF for FSM in Bangladesh Recognizing that No specific institutional and regulatory framework exists for FSM, and Lack of specific regulatory/institutional framework for FSM and absence of proven technology for treatment/disposal of fecal sludge are major barriers to successful FSM. The 16th Meeting of National Forum for Water Supply and Sanitation (held on September 4, 2014) took a decision to develop the Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Fecal sludge Management. Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman A 32 member Working Committee (WC) was formed for drafting of the FSM framework on 18 November 2016 Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Background… 04 September 2014: National Forum for Water Supply and Sanitation in its 16th meeting decided to develop an institutional and regulatory framework for FSM. 18 November 2014: A 32 member Working Committee (WC) was formed for drafting of the FSM framework, to ensure all stakeholders’ participation. 03 December 2014: First meeting of the WC held; modalities of developing FSM framework decided. 23 December 2014: First National Consultation on FSM held, where Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C was present as the Chief Guest. Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Background… 16 February 2015: A Focus Group Discussion was held with the top management of DNCC and DSCC on FSM in Dhaka city, in the presence of the Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C. 21 March 2015: Second meeting of WC held; more members co- opted; field consultation plan finalized. 13 May 2015: Workshop on “field consultation” in urban and rural areas. 01 June 2015: A consultation meeting was held with Municipal Association of Bangladesh (MAB) on FSM in Paurashavas. 24 August 2015: Third meeting of the WC held; content of FSM frameworks finalized and drafting sub-committees formed. May – August 2015: 22 field consultations held; 11 in rural areas and 11 in urban areas. Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Field Consultation: Urban Serial Location Responsible Status No District Upazila/Pourashava Organization City Corporation 1 Chittagong Chittagong CC WaterAid, Completed Chittagong CC 2 Tangail Shakhipur Pourashava WaterAid Completed 3 Khulna Khulna CC SNV Completed 4 Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Pourashava SNV Completed 5 Kushtia Kushtia Pourashava SNV Completed 6 Barisal Barisal CC PAB, DSK and Completed Wash Alliance 7 Faridpur Faridpur Pourashava Practical Action Completed 8 Satkhira Satkhira Pourashava Practical Action Completed 9 Gaibandha Gaibandha Pouroshava Practical Action Completed 10 Rangpur Rangpur CC Practical Action Completed 11 Rajshahi Rajshahi CC VERC Completed Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman Field Consultation: Rural and Non-Paurashava Towns Serial Location Responsible Status No District Upazila/Paurashava Organization City Corporation 1 Munshiganj Gazaria Upazila NGO-Forum Completed 2 Tangail Bhuapur Upazila NGO-Forum Completed 3 Rajshahi Bagmara Upazila VERC Completed 4 Gazipur Kaliakoir Upazila VERC Completed 5 Borguna Borguna Sadar Plan Bangladesh Completed 6 Dinajpur Khansama Upazila Plan Bangladesh Completed 7 Kishoreganj Nikli Plan Bangladesh Completed 8 Sylhet Sadar Dakshin BRAC Completed 9 Jessore Sarsha BRAC Completed 10 Sylhet Golapganj BRAC Completed 11 Comilla Brahmanpara, Comilla LGED Completed (Non-Pouroshova Town) Dr. Md. Mujibur Rahman District Upazila/Pourashava City Corporation Munshiganj Gazaria Upazila Tangail Bhuapur Upazila Rajshahi Bagmara Upazila Gazipur Kaliakoir Upazila Borguna Borguna Sadar Dinajpur Khansama Upazila Kishoreganj Nikli Sylhet Sadar Dakshin Jessore Sarsha Sylhet Golapganj Comilla Brahmanpara, Comilla (Non-Pouroshova Town) Chittagong Chittagong CC Tangail Shakhipur Pourashava Khulna Khulna CC Jhenaidah Jhenaidah Pourashava Kushtia Kushtia Pourashava Narayanganj Narayanganj CC Barisal Barisal CC Faridpur Faridpur Pourashava Satkhira Satkhira Pourashava Gaibandha Gaibandha Pouroshava Rural and Non-Pouroshava Towns Rangpur Rangpur CC Dr. Md. MujiburUrban Rahman (Except Dhaka) Rajshahi Rajshahi CC Background… 22 October 2015: Drafting sub-committee finalized draft FSM frameworks. 04 November 2015: WC meeting reviewed and finalized draft FSM frameworks for presentation before the National Consultation. 18 November 2015: Final National Workshop held, where Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C was present as the Special Guest. Based on feedback received, the FSM frameworks were finalized. The National Forum