ENDA Energy, Environment, Development Bioenergy for Rural Development in West Africa The case of Ghana, Mali and Senegal Final Report Coordinating Author Touria Dafrallah (ENDA Energy Environment, Development) Contributing Authors Ishmael Edjekumhene and Paula Edze (KITE, Ghana) Alassane Ngom (Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection) Verena Ommer (Intern at ENDA) September 2010 i Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... II LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................ III LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... IV 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3 THE COUNTRY CONTEXT: ................................................................................................................................................. 10 3.1 GEOGRAPHY, POPULATION, INFRASTRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ................................................................ 10 GHANA....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 MALI .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 SENEGAL .................................................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION – CURRENT AND FUTURE FOSSIL/RENEWABLE SOURCES ........................................................... 18 GHANA....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 MALI .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 SENEGAL .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 4 CURRENT SITUATION OF BIO-ENERGY FOR THE SELECTED COUNTRIES ............................................................... 21 GHANA....................................................................................................................................................................... 21 4.1 PRODUCTION, USE AND COST OF BIOMASS ........................................................................................................... 21 4.2 SECTORAL POLICIES ......................................................................................................................................... 26 MALI .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.3 BIOENERGY PRODUCTION AND USE ..................................................................................................................... 31 4.4 EXISTING POLICIES ........................................................................................................................................... 33 SENEGAL .................................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.5 BIOENERGY PRODUCTION AND USE ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.6 EXISTING POLICIES ........................................................................................................................................... 41 5 CASE STUDIES OF SELECTED BIOFUEL PRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 43 GHANA....................................................................................................................................................................... 43 5.1 PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL FROM THE JATROPHA CURCAS PLANT ............................................................................... 43 Case 1: Gold Star Farms Ltd (GSFL) .................................................................................................................................................. 43 Case 2: Biofuel Africa Limited ............................................................................................................................................................. 44 Case 3: Jatropha Africa Limited .......................................................................................................................................................... 44 Case 4: Gender Responsiveness Renewable Energy System Development Application (GRESDA-Ghana) Project ................ 44 5.2 PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION ........................................ 45 MALI .......................................................................................................................................................................... 48 5.3 JATROPHA-FUELLED RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN MALI ............................................................................................ 48 SENEGAL .................................................................................................................................................................... 54 5.4 FUELWOOD SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY-BASED MANAGEMENT ................................................................................. 54 6 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS FOR CASE STUDIES .......................................................................................................... 58 6.1 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS RELATING TO BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM JATROPHA IN GHANA ............................................ 58 6.2 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS RELATING TO THE FAPSEED PROJECT IN GHANA ................................................................. 60 6.3 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS RELATING TO THE JATROPHA PROJECT IN MALI .................................................................... 60 6.4 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS RELATING TO THE SOLID BIOMASS PROJECT IN SENEGAL ........................................................ 62 7 CERTIFICATION ISSUES .................................................................................................................................................... 66 8 EXISTING BARRIERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 67 9 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 69 10 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................................... 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................................. 71 ii List of Tables TABLEAU 1: POVERTY INCIDENCE AND CONTRIBUTION DEPENDING ON ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS ..................................................... 16 TABLEAU 2: PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF BIOMASS TO TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SELECTED SECTOR ................................ 18 TABLEAU 3: CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN GHANA (2000-2006) ........................................................................ 18 TABLEAU 4: POTENTIAL AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FROM SELECTED CROPS AND ENERGY POTENTIAL ................................................. 21 TABLEAU 5: TOTAL LIVESTOCK AND ESTIMATED DUNG PRODUCTION IN GHANA ........................................................................... 22 TABLEAU 6: LIST OF COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CULTIVATION OF JCP AND LAND AREA UNDER CULTIVATION ...................................... 23 TABLEAU 7: PRICE BUILD-UP FOR JATROPHA OIL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN GHANA .............................................................. 24 TABLEAU 8: POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF 1 MILLION HECTARE JATROPHA PROJECT ............................................................................ 24 TABLEAU 9: COMPARATIVE COST OF FIXED-DOME BIOGAS DIGESTERS ....................................................................................... 26 TABLEAU 10: SNAPSHOT OF THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY ............................................................. 27 TABLEAU 11: SNAPSHOT OF GHANA FOREST AND WILDLIFE POLICY OF 1994 .............................................................................