Thcsdur *XIEnmf,il PR[[lttrl$ ffIllIIII$MRY ffPlllt[$[Pltl |]tltjtiHI SS PUStlStlIttS . Mrlscuw 'l'. l. (,lrrrmrn lr r (lorrupondlng Mrnrbar ol lhr At,nrtmry ol Sr.k.nces ol tha llt{!{ll trtl urthor ol n number ot rlr.lslhrl riutllen ol thc hlriory of Dro-Mrrxlrt, Mnrxlnt nrrrl r.urrk.nrllorary luturgcolr phllonoph.v. !Jr.vr.rnt ol hlr lxxlkr lrulr. br.rrr trnrrllrrk rl. 'l'lrc I,'or'- tttttliott rrl' Mitt'risl l'ltrkrsoltlrv hrs bocrt puhllnhr,rl lll (i(.rrnurt. J11llrrrr.sr., t'ollrh trtttl lltttrgarltttr. Alrcrrirlion ils it llistor- tt'rl (lut(,H!)l'y, lJ:rsit' Stirgcs in the I)r'vr,luptttt.ttt oI l't't.-Mirrxist. I)hilosophy ntrtl 'l'lrt, l'ltilosoplr.v ol' Ilcgcl havt also rp;x.trr.d lrr (ir.rnrnu, irnd various other wrrrks lrt l.lngtish, l,'rt nch, Slrarrish, llulgrrlrrr, (lhlrrcst. ('zt ch rnd Greek. Itlolllt'rrrs ol llrt' I listoly of Philosophy lr rr tht ort llt'nl ilrquiry into the process ol rk vekrpnrent of phllosophical krrowl- trl,ar. u'hlch has led traturally to the rtnr(tr,{(tlr(:(. of tho Marxist scientillco- phllosollhlcnl world view. Orr [he basis of rrrrngrorltlve analysis of the philo- rrrDhl('trl rlo<'trlrres of pas[ and present thr. uulhor delineates the speciflcally phlkrsophlcol form of knowledge, the rtaturr. ol phllosophlcal problems, the crrien(!1. ol phllosophkral controversy, the bmkr fr.oture of phllosophlcal argu- mentuilon rnd the relatlonshlp of phl- lorotlhy to other fornrs of social con- rcloulnellll. end io rveryday &nd his- iorh'rl r.xDerlen(e, 'l'he dlve rgence of phlltttutphlctl dor.trlnen ond lhelr po- l*rlrtllon lnto the opponlte trends of mrlr.rlnllrm srrd ldenll!.rn ln followed riap by ria1l. Itr erlultry ihr. obJecilve tteccrrlly for lhe rrlenllllrro-phlkrrophl- r,rl world vlew. lho [uahor trncel the rrhrrrtlnf rirtur ol phllorophy ln the iytafltr ol rclanlllle hrrowledgrr of na- turr. trrtd rorloiy, ihe rolrilonrhlp be- twron Dhllorophy rnd lhe rperrlollred u'lorttrr, lho tl+votopnront ol lha nub- Jrtt't-tttrltrr ol DhlloroDhy, rrnd ltr ldc- olnlk,tl rttnttotra tnd runollou. "8 Iheodor 0lltRlvlAl{ pRIBttrtl$. ffilHil$tflRY 0rpilfiffi[Pily ffi PROGRESS PUBLISHERS MOSCOW Translated frbm thi Russian CONTENTS by Robert Daglish INTRODUCTION O hapter One l_ryq_]]ovE oF wrsDoM. oRrcrN oF THE T. OR3EPIIAH NOTION OF "PHILOSOPHY" IIpo6ueuu ltcroptrKo-Q[nocoQcrofi l. Secqlarisation of "Divine', Wisdom l8 HayKts 36 3. A New,Age and a New Ideal of philosophical Ha auetufrcrcon aswxe p."Uiir"'rf^nowledge 'as' 'Real 'probiem 42 l. Wirao* a : . 52 ()hapter Tao ,.WHAT r[E4rtr]tc oF THE QUESTTON rS I'IIILOSOPHY?'' I. PJrilos_ophy as a Problem for Itself 65 2. How P_hilolnnhl Delimits, Cognises and Deter- mines Itself 'Form 76 s. Fir;a Airi"ri""f of Tneoretical' Knowl-' 82 4. Philosophy as an Alienated Form of Social Lionscrousnenss . 88 5. q".i;i- 's.i."..r C;;;;i;"';.'; o. : : : 97 6. Criticism of the Existentialist Inteipritaiion of 107 Clmltter Three First printing 1979 AS A SPECTFTC (IOGNITIONlllr-LoloBHY FORM OF @ Translation into English. l. Qualitative Diversity of Knowledge l15 Progress Publishers 1975 !. $neculation, Logic, iracts .". : . r20 3. Intuition, Truth, Creative Imagination . 136 4. lnterpretation as a Mode oT philosophical Union ol Sortiet Soci,alist rnqulry 148 Printed in the 5. Theoretical ReBublics Synthesis of Diverse Conteni 166 Chapter Four Introduction DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY AS A PHILOSOPHICAI, PROBLEM -l. Difficulties of Defining Philosophy Drle to the F.."tiu. Nature of its Histoiical Develop- ment 178 2. Diversity of 191 3. Philosophy 219 ChaPter Fiae NATURE OF PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS l. Ouestions That Cannot Be Left lJnanswered 237 i. F Old and New, Eternal and Transient"lti*t, 273 Chapter Six THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHILOSOPHY 1 The Subject-Matter of Philosophy as a Pro- This book is part of much more comprehensive blem 287 study which the author hopes to complete 302 within 2. Fundamental Philosophical Themes - ' . ' thc next few-years. Dialectical and E-v9n so, though nol embracing s. Til;- srtjict-Mattei of the problems Historical Materialism cc, lll implied in the title. it does dea"l with the specific nature of philosophical know- ChaPter Seoen ItdS.,. its sub,stance, form aird strircture, from PHILOSOPHY AS THE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS historical angle and may, therefore, be described OT TgT HISTORICAL EPOCH its a historico-philosophical studv. l. Role of the Personality in the Development of Historico-pfiilosopliical studies come 344 in various Philosophv s}apes and sizes. of them investigate the 2. t;;;il'6 Philosophv and Socio-Economic <lcvelopment -Some Eoochs 366 of the philosophical thougit of a s. Ideological Functions of Philosophy 386 particular people. Some exariine the devilopment o[ philosophy on a world-historic scale wiih the Chapter Eight philosophical thought of various nations emerging NETUNS OF PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE ON THE irs historical stages in the development" oT 409 1. Inevitability of Scientific Debate '- -: -' world philosophy as a whole. Some deal with the i. iJ."irsi.it'sources of Philos-ophic4 Debate 423 various Debate 436 branches of philosophR with the history 3: T-6;;ti;"1 Roots of Philosophical of epistemology, ontology] 'dialectics, ^. natural CONCLUSION 457 philosophy and ethics, or with certain pfrilosophi- crrl trends, schools, -the work of individuat i,tri- losophers, rlag.s of philosophical development, iurrl so on. Each type of inquiry has its specific presuppose the theo- two relatively independent fields of knowledge, task. but all -the the solution of retiial probleins of history of philosophy' For but in-the objectively conditioned historical pio- instanci, the problem of contradiction in the ccss of the development of philosophical knbw- historv of phifosophy cannot, in my view, be sa- ledge, its critical appreciation and, probably, its tisfacdorilv-solved^ without a scientific conception self-awareness. problems of the pariicular qualities of philosophical problems The of the history of philosophy them' arise not because they are outside the competence and hiw, in -bepariicular, phllosophy s-olves to able to trace the development of both philosophy and history. Lihe all philo- Moreover, problems, of tti. concept of contradiction in the histo-ry of sgbh!.cal they haae been generated by philosophy, bne must be clearly aware of the the historical and eaeryday experience of all man- the philosophical approach to hind, and p.arti,cularly_ in the process of cogni.- fasic fi,afures of philosophiial. cosnition of reality, tfie ideological function of tion-scientific and The histoiian ohTioroohv. the epiiiemological and class roots of of philosophy must certainly be a historian in philoiophical ipproaches to the solu- the full sense of the term. But no matter how im- ftr. lru.io,iJ portant tion of this problem. it is for him to be scrupulously efficient subjict of historico-philosophical. research in investigating the social' conditions that give The rise philosophical is ohilosobhv: the problems of historico-philosoph' to a certain doctrine, his main 'are -Bhilosophical task is to understand that doctrine, ical science proble-ms' These to appreciate piopositions. it seems to me, are quite obvious but, it critically, to show its connection with other ioiiuitt ttu"ding Cicero's remark- that pr-oof onll philosophical doctrines, a conniction that must L.tiitt.t the oivious, I believe that thev still in some way or other be conditioned by the so- proved, theoretically- grounded, cio-historical process. Regarded from this stand: d.*ut d to be point, histoligo-philosophical and this is whai a great part of this book is science is a specific means-of,philosophical inquiry, it is the philoso- --about. phy philosophy Atthoush no bhilosobhical doctrine can clai'm of or, to be more concise, meta- alt'philosdphi.cal questions, there is philosophy. to-iiiraZe It is-qriite impossible to treat iot a single phi,iosophiial p-roblem that,does not - the history of of 'historico-philosophi.cal philosophy purely- "historically", empiriially; iiL-.ltnli ihu triB, without b;esides ahich, histori,co-philosophical being guided by a broad and- flexibie problems are not "scale of values" derived from the very history 'science is concerned uith that "iii"ir. such. These are histo- of philosophy itself, from the history Lf murrit iiri of bhilosobhy as -the historical i{rot:'oioblems' of tne ernergence and deaelop- development and his qriest for know- its obieitiae. dependence on Icdge. Even the application of the'term "devel- iiit'iiiiit-irhaitioni, itt Bhilosophy, opment" it's eBiste'mological roots and' so to the history of philosophy makes cer- lain obvious-philosophiqal oz. Neverthelesi, histbrico-philosophical science assumptions, e.g. the :rssumption that certain irreversible processes of is -ih;not a-;'.iottirg" "marginal" discipline, it-s source lies not i; of history and philosophy, of t'hange and progress actually occur in philosophy. 6 discover an absolute recording seneralisation of the historico-philosophical proc- Any attempt to "ess system is iust as futile in the history of philo- --iirir"at'tothat is at work throughout the world. sophy as in physics. It immediately gives itself reason thit these criteria (and the aiai, as a c-laim to complete impartiality, and methods of inquiry they entail) may prove com- no real philosopher can be completely impartial, pletely unsatisiactory ii the- historian .of philos- philosophical position any-view. mor-e than-he can be without his own point oohv'adoots a sec[arian of The adepts of impartiality ignore the uird'uttrri.t, for example, that only Thomas obvious fact that historians of philosophy place Ai"i"ut created a svsteri of absolute philosophi- forerunners- (with different value on one and the same doitrine, .ii tr.rths, whereas'his great-Aristotle) and this happens not because they,have been the oossibie exception of languished in remiss in studvins their sources and facts or be- darkness and th6 philosophers of any later pe-- cause thev have"departed from the scientific ,'iod have merely departid from.