2 TheThe NorthernNorthern MountainsMountains In this lesson, we will learn about : F Extent of the Himalayas F Greater Himalayas, Middle Himalayas and Shiwalik Hills F Importance of Himalayas FŝīĞƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞƐůLJŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ F>ŝĨĞŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ͘ The Northern Mountains include the Himalayas They remain covered with snow throughout and the Karakoram ranges. The Himalayas are WKH \HDU 7KH +LPDOD\DQ UDQJH H[WHQGV IURP the highest mountain range in the world. The Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh to a distance ZRUG +LPDOD\D PHDQV WKH µDERGH RI VQRZ¶ RI DERXW NP ,WV ZLGWK YDULHV EHWZHHQ 7KH\ KDYH WKH KLJKHVW SHDNV RI WKH ZRUOG DQG NLORPHWUHV 7URSLF RI &DQFHU India : The Himalayas 11 7KH +LPDOD\DV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH PRXQWDLQWRSV,QWKHORZHUUDQJHVWKH\ parallel ranges. They are : EHJLQ WR PHOW DQG EHFRPH D VRXUFH RI 1. The Greater Himalayas (Himadri) PDMRUULYHUVOLNHWKH*DQJDWKH,QGXVDQG 7KH 0LGGOH +LPDOD\DV +LPDFKDO the Brahmaputra. The Gangotri is the 3. The Southernmost Himalayas (Shiwaliks) JODFLHUIURPZKHUHWKH*DQJDRULJLQDWHV 1. The Greater Himalayas is the $OO WKHVH ULYHUV ULVH IURP WKLV UDQJH DQG WKHQIORZWRZDUGVSODLQVLQWKUHHGLIIHUHQW XSSHUPRVW UDQJH ,W LV DOVR FDOOHG directions. +LPDGUL 0DMRU SHDNV RI WKLV UDQJH DUH Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga and 2. The Middle Himalayas run parallel Annapurna. to Greater Himalayas. The range is 0DQ\ EUDYH SHRSOH KDYH ULVNHG WKHLU also called Himachal. The mountains OLYHV WR FOLPE WKH VQRZFRYHUHG SHDNV JUDGXDOO\EHFRPHORZWRZDUGVWKHVRXWK RI WKH +LPDOD\DV 7HQ]LQJ 1RUJD\ RI 7KHKHLJKWGURSVWRPHWUHV7KHUH 1HSDO DQG (GPXQG +LOODU\ RI 1HZ are many river valleys in this region. The =HDODQG ZHUH WKH ILUVW PHQ WR FOLPE mountain slopes are covered with thick 0W (YHUHVW LQ 0W (YHUHVW LV IRUHVWV RI 'HRGDU DQG 3LQH )DPRXV the highest mountain peak in the world hill stations like Shimla, Srinagar, ZLWKDKHLJKWRIPHWUHV7KHILUVW Kangra, Kullu and Darjeeling ,QGLDQZRPDQWRFOLPE0W(YHUHVWZDV EHORQJ WR WKHVH UHJLRQV 7KHVH KLOO Bachendri Pal. VORSHVDQGYDOOH\VUHFHLYHKHDY\VQRZIDOO in winters. Summers in these places are very pleasant. People visit them during the summers. Bachendri Pal ,ŝůů^ƚĂƟŽŶ͕^ŚŝŵůĂ ĚŵƵŶĚ,ŝůůĂƌLJĂŶĚdĞŶnjŝŶŐEŽƌŐĂLJ )URP WKH SHDNV JODFLHUV VORZO\ PRYH GRZQZDUGV *ODFLHUV DUH VORZPRYLQJ ULYHUV RI LFH WKDW JURZ ODUJHU DQG ODUJHU ZKLOH PRYLQJ GRZQZDUGV IURP WKH ,ŝůů^ƚĂƟŽŶ͕<ƵůůƵ 12 dŝŐĞƌ ,ŝůů^ƚĂƟŽŶ͕^ƌŝŶĂŐĂƌ Cheetal ,ŝůů^ƚĂƟŽŶ͕ĂƌũĞĞůŝŶŐ 3. The Southernmost Himalayas or Shiwalik hills OLHWRWKHVRXWKRIWKH Himachal ranges. These hills get heavy UDLQIDOOVRWKHUHDUHWKLFNIRUHVWVLQWKLV UDQJH7KHVHIRUHVWVDUHKRPHWRPDQ\ wild animals like tigers, cheetal, sambhar DQGFURFRGLOHV7KHIRRWKLOOV RI 6KLZDOLNV DUH FDOOHG 7HUDL 7KH Sambhar 6KLZDOLN KLOOV KDYH DQ DYHUDJH KHLJKW RI 7KH1RUWK(DVWHUQEUDQFKHVRI+LPDOD\DV PHWUHV DERYH VHD OHYHO LQFOXGH 1DJD *DUR .KDVL-DLQWLD 0L]R and Lushai hills. They are covered with jungles. These hills receive very heavy UDLQIDOO 7KH\ DUH FDOOHG 3XUYDQFKDO Karakoram Mountains .DUDNRUDP 0RXQWDLQV OLH LQ WKH QRUWKZHVW RI WKH +LPDOD\DV EH\RQG ULYHU ,QGXV 7KHVH DUH VLWXDWHG LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ SDUW RI .DVKPLU 0W . RU 0W *RGZLQ $XVWHQ OLHV LQ WKH Shivalik Hills .DUDNRUDP UDQJH ,W LV PHWUHV KLJK 13 Importance of Himalayas The Himalayan mountains help us in many ways : l The Himalayas guard our northern ERUGHUVDQGVRWKH\SOD\DJUHDWUROHLQ WKH GHIHQFH RI ,QGLD 7KHUH DUH QDUURZ gaps called passes in the mountains. Our army guards these passes. Dam l 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV RI DQLPDOV DUH IRXQG LQ l 7KH +LPDOD\DV FKHFN WKH UDLQEHDULQJ WKH +LPDOD\DQ IRUHVWV 7KH\ DUH \DN PRQVRRQZLQGVDQGFDXVHKHDY\UDLQIDOO VQRZ OHRSDUG HOHSKDQW FKHHWDK WLJHU LQ PDQ\ SDUWV RI RXU FRXQWU\ UKLQRFHURV HWF l 7KHUHDUHGHQVHIRUHVWVXSWRWKHDOWLWXGH RIPHWUHV0DQ\W\SHVRIWUHHVOLNH l 0RVW RI WKH IDPRXV KLOO VWDWLRQV RI ILURDNSLQHDQGGHRGDUDUHIRXQGKHUH QRUWKHUQ ,QGLD OLNH 6ULQDJDU .XOOX Forests provide us with wood and other 6KLPOD 1DLQLWDO 'DUMHHOLQJ DQG VHYHUDO XVHIXO SURGXFWV RWKHUVDUHYLVLWHGE\WKRXVDQGVRISHRSOH IURP ,QGLD DQG DEURDG l 7KH PHOWLQJ RI WKH VQRZ GXULQJ WKH summer season keeps the northern ULYHUVIXOORIZDWHU7KH\DUHWKHVRXUFHV RIPDMRUULYHUVOLNH%UDKPDSXWUD*DQJD DQG,QGXV'DPVKDYHEHHQEXLOWDFURVV many rivers to produce hydroelectricity and to irrigate agricultural lands. Forest l 7KHVWHHSVORSHVKXJHURFNVDQGVRPH RIWKHZRUOG¶VKLJKHVWSHDNVDUHVRXUFHV RI DGYHQWXUH DQG WKULOO WR \RXQJ SHRSOH all over the world. Do You Know? dŚĞ ŚĂŬƌĂ EĂŶŐĂů WƌŽũĞĐƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐ Cheetah ŚLJĚƌŽĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ďƵŝůƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŝǀĞƌ ^ĂƚůƵũ͘ The northern mountain region includes the VWDWHV RI -DPPX DQG .DVKPLU +LPDFKDO 3UDGHVK8WWDUDNKDQG1RUWKHUQ:HVW%HQJDO 6LNNLP DQG 1RUWK(DVWHUQ VWDWHV RI 7ULSXUD $VVDP $UXQDFKDO 3UDGHVK 0HJKDOD\D River 1DJDODQG 0L]RUDP DQG 0DQLSXU 14 7KH PDLQ RFFXSDWLRQV RI WKH SHRSOH DUH ,W LV YHU\ FROG LQ ZLQWHUV VR PHQ DQG ZRPHQ DJULFXOWXUH DQG FDWWOH UHDULQJ +RZHYHU WKH ZHDU ORRVH ZDUP JRZQV FDOOHG SKLUDQV DQG people who live along this mountain range have NHHSNDQJUL DFDQHEDVNHWKDYLQJHDUWKHQSRW GLIIHUHQW FXVWRPV ODQJXDJHV IRRG GUHVV HWF ILOOHG ZLWK EXUQLQJ FRDO WR NHHS WKHPVHOYHV ZDUP 7KH\ GULQN NDKZD D WHD WR NHHS Jammu and Kashmir WKHPVHOYHVZDUP7KH\OLNHWRHDWULFHUDMPD The valley o I .DVKPLU LV VXUURXQGHG E\ ILVKDQGPHDW5RXILVWKHLUVSHFLDOGDQFH7KH\ VQRZFDSSHG PRXQWDLQV ,W LV DQ H[WUHPHO\ VSHDN .DVKPLUL 8UGX 'RJUL DQG /DGDNKL EHDXWLIXO VWDWH 7RXULVWV IURP DOO RYHU WKH ODQJXDJHV 7KH\ FHOHEUDWH 6KLYUDWUL DQG (LG ZRUOG YLVLW WKH YDOOH\ WR HQMR\ LWV EHDXW\ 7KH Srinagar is the capital city during summer and KRXVHERDWVLQ'DO/DNHDUHIORDWLQJKRXVHVIRU -DPPX LQ ZLQWHU *XOPDUJ DQG 3DKDOJDP DUH WRXULVWV SURYLGLQJ WKH FRPIRUWV RI D KRPH :H IDPRXV WRXULVW VSRWV ZKLOH WKH Amarnath ILQGDODUJHQXPEHURIKRXVHERDWVDQG6KLNDUDV cave and Vaishno Devi shrine are popular PRYLQJDURXQGLQ'DOODNH6KLNDUDVVHOOIORZHUV pilgrim centres. 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Vaishno Devi shrine Himachal Pradesh ,ŽƵƐĞďŽĂƚƐŝŶ<ĂƐŚŵŝƌ +LPDFKDO3UDGHVKLVDOVRDYHU\EHDXWLIXOVWDWH 7KH &DSLWDO RI +LPDFKDO 3UDGHVK LV 6KLPOD ,W KDV IDPRXV WRXULVW DWWUDFWLRQV VXFK DV WKH KLOO VWDWLRQV RI .XOOX 0DQDOL DQG 6KLPOD ,W OLHV LQ WKH ODS RI WKH +LPDOD\DV DQG KDV WKH VDPH WHUUDLQ DQG FOLPDWH DV -DPPX DQG .DVKPLU0RVWRIWKHSHRSOHDUHHLWKHUIDUPHUV <ĂƐŚŵŝƌŝŐŝƌůŝŶƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĚƌĞƐƐ 15 RU VKHSKHUGV 7KH\ JURZ ZKHDW ULFH PDL]H DQG <DPXQRWUL WKH VRXUFH RI <DPXQD ULYHU DQGSRWDWRHVRQWHUUDFHIDUPV$SSOHVJUDSHV %DGULQDWK DQG .HGDUQDWK DUH IDPRXV SLOJULP peas and peaches are grown in the orchards. FHQWUHV3HRSOHJURZULFHPDL]HDQGYHJHWDEOHV %HVLGHV IDUPLQJ SHRSOH DUH HQJDJHG LQ FUDIW DQG DOVR UHDU DQLPDOV WR JHW PLON PHDW DQG ZRUNOLNHPDNLQJZRRGHQWUD\VZDONLQJVWLFNV ZRRO IURP WKHP 0DQ\ SHRSOH DUH HPSOR\HG and other articles. LQ WKH ,QGLDQ DUP\ 'HKUDGXQ LV WKH FDSLWDO RI 8WWDUDNKDQG 7KH ,QGLDQ 0LOLWDU\ $FDGHP\ ,0$ LV VLWXDWHG LQ 'HKUDGXQ An apple orchard in Himachal Pradesh 7KH ZRPHQ ZHDU NXUWD FKXULGDUVDOZDU DQG D VFDUI RQ WKH KHDG 7KH PHQ ZHDU D NXUWD Badrinath Temple FKXULGDU S\MDPDV ORQJ FRDWV DQG D ZRROOHQ FDSZLWKEULJKWFRORXUHGERUGHU7KHFRORXUIXO Sikkim FDSZRUQE\PHQLQ+LPDFKDO3UDGHVKLVYHU\ 7KH VWDWH RI 6LNNLP OLHV IXUWKHU WR WKH (DVW SRSXODULQ,QGLD'XVVHKUDLVWKHPRVWSRSXODU ,WVFDSLWDOLV*DQJWRN.DQFKHQMXQJDWKHWKLUG IHVWLYDOLQWKH.XOOXDQG.DQJUDYDOOH\V1DWLLV KLJKHVWSHDNLQWKHZRUOGLVORFDWHGLQ6LNNLP WKHIDPRXVGDQFHRI+LPDFKDO3UDGHVK3HRSOH 7KH ERUGHU RI 6LNNLP WRXFKHV 1HSDO DQG speak Hindi and Pahari. %KXWDQ 7KLV KDV OHG WR D PL[LQJ RI WKH WZR FXOWXUHV0RVWRIWKHORFDOSHRSOHDUHIROORZHUV RI %XGGKLVP 7KH SHRSOH RI 6LNNLP EHORQJ WR /HSFKD DQG %KXWLD WULEHV 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ Buddhist monasteries. Rumtek monastery is a ODQGPDUN RI 6LNNLP 6LNNLP LV NQRZQ IRU LWV oranges and orchids. The people have great IRQGQHVV IRU GDQFH DQG PXVLF 7KHLU PDVN dances are very interesting to watch. People in Himachal Pradesh hƩĂƌĂŬŚĂŶĚ 7KH+LPDOD\DQPRXQWDLQVLQ8WWDUDNKDQGDUH called Kumaon and Garhwal Hills. Mussoorie in Garhwal and Nainital in Kumaon are important hill stations. The region attracts devotees WR *DQJRWUL WKH VRXUFH RI WKH *DQJD ULYHU Mask dance of Sikkim 16 Darjeeling Meghalaya LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH .KDVL -DLQWLD 'DUMHHOLQJ LV WKH IDPRXV KLOO VWDWLRQ RI :HVW DQG *DUR KLOOV 6KLOORQJ ZKLFK LV D EHDXWLIXO %HQJDO ,W LV IDPRXV IRU LWV KLJK TXDOLW\ WHD KLOOVWDWLRQLVWKHFDSLWDORIWKHVWDWH7KHVWDWH which is produced on the hill slopes. 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