doi:10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.02 Original research article / izvirni znanstveni članek Behavioral and biological responses of black bean aphid (Aphis fabae, Scopoli, 1763) on seven Algerian local broad bean cultivars Fouad MERADSI1*and Malik LAAMARI1 Received June 30, 2017; accepted November 04, 2018. Delo je prispelo 30.junija 2017, sprejeto 04. novembra 2018. ABSTRACT IZVLEČEK We studied the behavioral and biological parameters of Aphis OBNAŠALNI IN BIOLOŠKI ODZIVI ČRNE FIŽOLOVE fabae (Homoptera: Aphididae, Scopoli, 1763) on seven local UŠI (Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763) NA SEDEM ALŽIRSKIH Vicia faba L. cultivars. The antixenosis was conducted under SORT BOBA laboratory controlled conditions of the temperature, light regime and relative humidity (18 ± 0.25 °C; L16: D8; 37.5 ± Preučevani so bili obnašalni in biološki parametri črne 0.6 %) for test in light, and (19 °C; 42 % relative humidity) for fižolove uši (Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Homoptera: test in dark. The least preferred host plants for attractivity was Aphididae) na sedem lokalnih sort boba (Vicia faba L.). the cultivar 141 in both tests while the cultivar 145 was the Poskusi antiksenoze so bili izvedeni v nadzorovanih most preferred in light test, and the cultivar 107 in dark test. laboratorijskih temperaturnih, vlažnostnih in svetlobnih The antibiotic experiment was conducted also under razmerah, 18 ± 0.25 °C; dan 16 ur, noč 8 ur in 37,5 ± 0,6 % laboratory conditions (L16: D8 photoperiod, 17 ± 1 °C, and relativni zračni vlagi za poskuse na svetlem in pri 19 °C in 43.5 ± 5 % r. h.). Antibiosis was determined by studying the 42 % relativni zračni vlagi za poskuse v temi. Najmanj pre-reproductive period, reproductive period, adult longevity, priljubljena gostiteljska rastlina glede privlačnosti je bila v survival, daily and total fecundity. The analysis of variance obeh poskusih sorta 141, medtem, ko je bila pri poskusih na indicated that no significant differences on pre-reproductive svetlem preferirana sorta 145 in pri poskusih v temi sorta 107. period and daily fecundity of the A. fabae among the cultivars. Tudi poskusi z antibiozo so bili izvedeni v laboratorijskih However, the longest times of reproductive period, adult razmerah (dan 16 ur, noč 8 ur, pri temperaturi 17 ± 1 °C in pri longevity, and survival were recorded on cultivar 135 43,5 ± 5 % relativni zračni vlagi. Antibiotični učinki so bili followed by cultivar 141. The highest (85.8) and the lowest določeni s preučevanjem predreproduktivnega obdobja, (15.8) number of progeny were observed on 135 and 141 reproduktivnega obdobja, dolžine življenske dobe imagov, cultivars, respectively. njihovim preživetjem in dnevno ter celokupno plodnostjo. Analiza variance je pokazala, da glede na sorto boba ni bilo Key words: Aphis fabae; antibiosis; antixenosis; cultivar; značilnih razlik v dolžini predreprokcijskega obdobja in resistance; Vicia faba L. dnevne plodnosti uši. Najdaljše reproduktivno obdobje, največja življenska doba imagov in največje preživetje uši je bilo zabeleženo na sorti 135 in nato na sorti 141. Največje (85,8) in najmanjše (15,8) število potomcev je bilo opaženo na sortah 135 in 141. Ključne besede: Aphis fabae; antibioza; antiksenoza; sorta; odpornost; Vicia faba L. 1 INTRODUCTION Broad bean, Vicia faba L., is one of the oldest cultivated (Homoptera: Aphididae) is the most destructive insect field crop. It constitutes a major protein source for pest of broad bean in Algeria. In Algeria, broad bean human population in many countries (Laudadio et al., production includes highly diversified local cultivars. 2011). The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 About 68 local cultivars, have been identified by 1 Laboratory of Improvement of the Phytosanitary Protection Techniques in Mountainous Agrosystems, Aureses Region. Agronomy Department, Institute of veterinary and Agricultural sciences, Batna 1 University (05000), Batna, Algeria; *corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected] Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 111 - 3, december 2018 str. 535 - 543 Fouad MERADSI, Malik LAAMARI morphological and agronomic characterization been archived in screening broad bean cultivars against (Meradsi, 2009). black bean aphid and a number of cultivars have been identified as possible source of resistance for breeding The black bean aphid is one of the 14 aphid species of programs (El-Dafrawi et al., 1991; Laamari et al., 2008; most agricultural importance in the worldwide Meradsi & Laamari, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c; Meradsi, (Blackman & Eastop, 2007). A. fabae is a very 2017). polyphagous species, but the actual host range of the aphid that colonizes beans and sugar beet is unclear, Smith (2005) indicated three general categories of plant because it is a number of a bewildering complex of resistance to insects, which have become widely species, at least some of which also have wide host accepted by entomologists: non preference or, ranges (Blackman & Eastop, 2007). A. fabae has a wide antixenosis, tolerance, and antibiosis. Antixenosis is one distributional range. It occurs in Europe, Western Asia, of the most important category of plant resistance to Arab countries particularly Jordan (Mustafa & Qasem, aphids on broad bean as well as antibiosis and tolerance 1984), Africa, and South America. It is a vector of more of plants to insects. Antixenosis and non-preference than 30 plant viruses, including non-persistent viruses of denote the presence of morphological or chemical plant bean and peas, beets, crucifers, cucurbits, Dahlia, factors that adversely alter arthropod behavior, resulting potato, tomato, and tulip, and the persistent beet yellow in the selection of an alternate host plant. Physical net virus and potato leaf roll virus (Blackman & Eastop, barriers such as thickened plant epidermal layers, waxy 2007). deposits on leaves, stems, or fruits, or a change in the density of trichomes (plant hairs) on normally Insects are usually controlled by insecticides. However, susceptible plants may force arthropods to abandon their the excessive use of insecticides to control these pests efforts to consume, ingest or oviposit on an otherwise can have a negative financial and environmental palatable plant (Smith, 2005). The antibiotic effects of a consequences, including the development of high levels resistant plant range from mild to lethal, and may result of resistance to conventional insecticides (Ogendo et al., from both chemical and morphological plant defensive 2003), the high costs of synthetic pesticides and factors. Lethal effects may be acute, in which case they associated toxicity risks (Mihale et al., 2009), the often affect young larvae and eggs. The chronic effects destruction of beneficial insects (pollinators, parasitoids of antibiosis often lead to mortality in older larvae and and predators), pesticide residue magnification in prepupae that fail to pupate, and in pupae and adults humans and wildlife and disruption of ecosystem which fail to eclose. Individuals surviving the direct (Ruchika & Kumar, 2012). Accordingly, the need to effects of antibiosis may also suffer the debilitating search for alternative insect control methods has been effects of reduced body size and mass, prolonged increased. periods of development in the immature stages, and reduced fecundity (Smith, 2005). Host plant resistance has been used as a control measure for various agricultural pests for many years (Smith, In the present study, the modalities of the antixenotic 2005). Plant resistance may be the most effective, and antibiotic resistance were used to determine the economical, and environmentally sound management most resistant cultivars among seven local broad bean tactic to control A. fabae in crops. Some progress has cultivars for the black bean aphid. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Plant broad bean cultivars were acquired from Plant Protection laboratory of Batna (in the east of Algeria). Broad bean cultivars used in this study were selected on the basis of field evaluation for their resistance to A. The (Table 1) showed the agronomical characteristics of fabae (Meradsi, 2009). They included seven cultivars: the seven broad bean cultivars used in this study. Six resistant cultivars (12, 111, 126, 135, 141, and 145) and one highly susceptible cultivar (107). Seeds of the 536 Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 111 - 3, december 2018 Behavioral and biological responses of black bean aphid (Aphis fabae, Scopoli, 1763) … broad bean cultivars Table 1: Agronomical characteristics of seven broad bean cultivars used to study of the resistance to the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Cultivar Origin Agronomical characteristics 3 4 6 9 10 13 15 21 23 24 27 31 12 Biskra 25.84 2.60 p 4.53 2.34 3 3.28 4.17 13.12 2.5 2.83 1.11 111 Biskra 27.17 2.50 p 5.05 2.43 3.50 3.30 3.37 12.33 2.30 1.13 0.87 126 Biskra 28.08 2.75 p 4.98 2.29 2.50 2.71 5.43 13.33 2.27 1.50 0.85 135 Khenchela 20.08 2.50 p 4.75 2.22 2.40 3.06 3.33 10.63 2.58 3.80 0.86 141 Biskra 27.13 2.50 p 6.36 3.35 1.5 3.17 7 10.50 2.70 0.75 0.31 145 Khenchela 25.53 3.67 p 5.07 2.17 2 3.30 7.67 11 2.60 1.33 0.92 107 Biskra 33.16 4.80 p 5 2.83 3.80 3.46 11.6 11.4 3.4 0.8 1.53 Notes. Biskra: in the south of Algeria, Khenchela: in the Only the adult aphids were recorded because nymphs east of Algeria, 3: plant: height (cm), 4: plant : number were not involved in the host selection process (Budak of stems (including tillers more than half the length of et al., 1999). This experiment was conducted under the main stem), 6: stem: anthocyanin coloration (p: laboratory conditions of the temperature, light regime present), 9: leaflet: length (basal pair of leaflet at and humidity (18 ± 0.25 °C; L16 : D8; 37.5 ± 0.5 % secondary node, cm), 10: leaflet width (basal pair of relative rumidity).