University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1978 Indo-Pakistan relations (1972-1977) Baderunissa Channah University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Channah, Baderunissa, "Indo-Pakistan relations (1972-1977)" (1978). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 2531. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2531 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INDO-PAKISTAN RELATIONS (1972-1977) A Thesis Presented By BADERUNISSA CHANNAH Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 1 978 Political Science INDO-PAKISTAN RELATIONS - ( 1972 1977 ) A Thesis Presented By BADERUNISSA CHANNAH Approved as to style and content by: Dr. Anwar H. Syed Chairperson of Committee Dr. Gerard Braunthal , Member ^ '/ . Dr. Glen Gordon, Chairman Department of Political Science DEDICATION To my Mother and Father-- with all my love. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION The Background of Indo-Paki stan Tension ] II. MAJOR DISPUTES BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN 1 -3 The Kashmir Dispute and the First War in Kashmir 1 948 “49 Rann of Kutch Dispute .... The War of 1965 !*.!!!!!! The 1971 War and Disintegration of Pakistan !!!”'* War Between India and Pakistan !!!.'!! III. ATTITUDE OF BIG POWERS TOWARDS INDIA AND PAKISTAN India's and Pakistan's Relations with the United States . 52 Relations of Soviet Russia with India ’. and Pakistan . 59 Relations of China with India and Pakistan 67 Analysis of the Attitudes and Interests of the Big Powers' in the Region 7 g IV. BEFORE SIMLA Pakistan People's Party Comes into Power 82 The Question of Pakistani Territories at the Western Front and the Question of POWs for Bhutto 96 V. SHIFT IN POLICY Mr. Bhutto's Traditional Stand and His New Stand after 1971 Towards India 99 The Simla Meeting: Demands and Expectations of India and Pakistan in the Simla Summit 110 Text of Simla Agreement 116 Analysis of Agreement and Its Comparison with the Tashkent Accord 120 Chapter VI. IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMLA AGREEMENT Page 134 of the Ceasefire 134 Return of POWs [ Recognition of Bangladesh* !.'!!’ 138 Establishment ' 145 of Diplomatic Relations^ Resuraptlon'of irade, and Travel Facilities 149 VII. CONCLUSION . 154 Present State of Relations Between India and Pakis tan . Pakistan . 154 s Relations with Muslim Countries Indian 158 and Pakistani Relations with Iran ..'.*!! The Pakistan 163 and Afghanistan Border Conflict '. 1 ! 166 Prospects of Relations Between India and Pakistan 169 bibliography . 172 V CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Background of Indo-Paki stan Tensions South Asia contains a tremendous assortment of racial groups and subgroups, their distribution appearing to bear little relation to present national boundaries. The whole region is the cluster of dif- ferent countries, different in culture, traditions and languages, but sharing a common past; an historical experience of colonial rule. The region is comprised of Pakistan, India, Ceylon, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan Bangladesh , , and, according to some, even Burma and Af- ghanistan. Indeed some of the countries in the area have serious inter-racial problems within themselves, but the majority of the people of South Asia can be broadly divided into four major groups: the Mon- goloid races which spread southwards from China; Aryans, who first en- tered India from the northwest and spread southwards and eastwards; the Dravidians, whom the Aryans displaced and drove southwards.^ The history of the area has been one of continuous social move- ment and conquest, the general tendency having been for northern races to spread farther and farther southwards. The Aryan conquerors carried the Hindu religion from the Hindu Kush to Indo-China and Malaysia. Buddhism spread southwards and eastwards from India, and later Islam ^ Angus Maude, South Asia: A Background Book (London: The Bodley Head Ltd., 1966), pp. 12-16. 1 2 swept into India, Malaysia and Indonesia, with the voyages of Arab and Indian traders. Finally Christianity entered the region, with the Catholic Portuguese and French, together with the Protestant English, Scots and Dutch. South Asia has seen the rise and fall of many great empires. India came under various i nvasions— Greek , Persian, Mongol, Turkish, Afghan, and more recently British. The Chinese in the early fifteenth century sent naval expeditions throughout Asia, exacting tribute from Ceylon and Malaysia and reaching even to the Persian Gulf. In the specific case of the South Asian countries many circum- stances have combined to make their present-day mutual relations feeble. Perhaps the strongest thread that binds them is the historical experi- ence they have shared and its subsequent effects on their view of poli- tical problems and process. The periods of colonial rule, though of varying length, were of such duration and intensity as to leave a de- finite imprint on almost every aspect of their existence. The recent liberation of these countries has been of great importance to their en- tire national life. But in all of them independence was brought about 2 by members of the small articulate el i te groups within the "educated." Initially all these countries declared their intentions to build their constitutional and civic structure on the lines of Parliamentary democracy, based on free elections and adult suffrage for men and women. But in none of the South Asian countries has the experiment with the ultra-modern political democracy been anything like a complete success; 2 In the special sense, the term in South comprises only a small percentage of the total population. 3 many of them have come under authoritarian rule of one shape or another. South Asian countries are similar in their basic economic con- ditions. The majority of the people are poor. Social and economic inequalities are their common feature; the reason being a long period of economic stagnation.^ The first major breach in the walls of colonial domination came with the peaceful ending of British rule in India in 1947 and the creation of the Union of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan as successor states. Political independence of Burma and Ceylon fol- lowed in 1948. Indonesia did not achieve full independence until 1949. Malaysia became independent in 1957 and Singapore in 1959. In retrospect it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the dissolution of colonial rule in South Asia was inevitable. But in the colonies, the arrival of independence was a traumatic experience and one that justifies the common description of it as a political revolu- tion. All of the new states had to face the fact that independence did not automatically bring about a condition of national consolidation. Instead, each new state faced the immediate task of asserting its authority over its territorial inheritance. The Subconti nent--rol e of religion . The Indian subcontinent is full of variety and contrast. Within its vast area are all types of terrain. In the north are the Himalayas, with their perennial snowcapped peaks and desolate, never-ending ranges of the mountains that form the roof- 3 Gunnar Myrdal , Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (New York: Pantheon Books, 1971), pp. 20-27. 4 top of the world. In the west are the barren Rajasthan and Baluchistani deserts, with their biting winter cold and ferocious summer heat. In the west, above the Rajasthan desert, are the fertile wheat-growing plains of the land of the five rivers, the Punjab. Also in the north, from the Punjab in the west to Bengal in the east, stretches the Indo- Gangetic plain, hundreds of miles of flat farmland. It was here, be- side the Ganges, that early kingdoms flourished. Hinduism developed here and later Muslim culture put down its roots and adapted itself to the new Indian environment. The people of this vast subcontinent are as diverse as its topography. Each part, each region, has a distinctive flavor of its own. Not only does the north differ from the south and the east from the west, but so do regions adjacent to one another. Each has its own regional language, its own set of customs, food habits and dress and each has its own separate regional history with its local heroes and moments of triumph, just as each is also a part of the overall history of the subcontinent and of its wider historical processes. Indian society is particularly complex, and can be viewed from many angles. Religion is one of them. It provided a rationale of social organization; it bound individuals together in certain ways, identified them in distinct groups and set them apart from other in- dividuals. It is responsible for bringing into existence certain kinds of social groups and determining their relationships with others. By the nineteenth century there were two main religions on the subconti- nent, Hinduism and Islam. Islam first came to India about the eighth century and for some . 5 time was limited to the area around the Indus River. The establish- ment of a Muslim Kingdom in the north around Delhi in the eleventh century brought this religion into the heart of the subcontinent. By the end of the eighteenth century Islam had become established as the second largest religion in the area. On a country-wide basis, Muslims were outnumbered by Hindus roughly in the proportion of five to one. In some regions, however, they were in a majority--in Bengal, in Sind, and in the northwest frontier province. In the Punjab they constituted the largest community followed by Hindus and Sikhs.