WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS IRCF REPTILES • VOL15, &NO AMPHIBIANS 4 • DEC 2008 189 • 23(1):68–73 • APR 2016 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS METHODS FEATURE ARTICLES . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: AmphibianOn the Road to Understanding the Ecologyand and Conservation Reptilian of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent Inventories ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 AugmentedRESEARCH ARTICLES by Sampling at Heronries . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 1 2 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in FloridaRaju Vyas and B. M. Parasharya 1Krishnadeep ............................................. Tower, MissionBrian Road,J. Camposano, Fatehgunj, Kenneth Vadodara L. Krysko, Kevin300 002,M. Enge, Gujarat, Ellen M. India Donlan, ([email protected]) and Michael Granatosky 212 2Agricultural Ornithology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388 110, Gujarat, India ([email protected]) CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 Abstract.—An alternate. More Than Mammalsmethod ...................................................................................................................................................................... for supporting amphibian and reptilian inventory was tested. 223 This experimental . method involved theThe “Dowcollection Jones Index” of of regurgitated Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... food from water bird nestlings from a total of 10 heronries: 225 four mixed- species and six HUSBANDRYsingle-species heronries in Gujarat State, India, during 1997 to 1999. We verified the presence of twelve species of amphibians,. Captive andCare of twelve the Central species Netted Dragon of reptiles ....................................................................................................... were recovered intact. Shannon Plummer 226 PROFILE Various methods. areKraig usedAdler: A to Lifetime evaluate Promoting the Herpetology diversity ................................................................................................ of amphibians and reptiles, many ofMichael which L. Treglia are 234resource-dependent in terms of bothCOMMENTARY time and money (e.g., Heyer et al. 1994). The verification process in such diversity surveys generally requires the collection. The Turtles of Havevoucher Been Watching specimens Me ........................................................................................................................ for establishing the credibility of the work Eric(Dubois Gangloff and238 Nemesio 2007; Funk et al. 2005). Vouchers also facilitate further taxonomic studies and the identification of cryptic species, especially when species complexesBOOK REVIEW occupy the area being surveyed. The collection of specimens requires permission from the . Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, appropriate governmentR. Berridge, authority. P. Ramani, andBecause B.E. Young relevant .............................................................................................................. authorities in India often are hardcore Robert believers Powell 243 of the philosophy of “Jiv Daya” (a Jainist concept involving compassion for all beings) and unaware of the need for voucher specimens, acquisition of permits CONSERVATION to collect RESEARCH in protected REPORTS: areas Summaries(sanctuaries of Published and Conservation national Research parks), Reports even ................................. for studies 245 of biodiversity and NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 environmental assessmentsNEWBRIEFS ......................................................................................................................................................................................is extremely difficult. Even when permission for voucher collection is 248granted, strict time constraints are imposed.EDITORIAL These INFORMATION render surveys ..................................................................................................................................................... of large areas almost impossible, particularly because 251 vouchers ideally FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252 involve a series of specimens of various species (Goodman and Lanyon 1994) and collection methods often are very time consuming. Consequently, methods that are less time-consuming and less expensive are needed. Herein, we test one such alternative. Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. Back Cover. Michael Kern Materials and MethodsTotat et velleseque audant mo (HanebrinkTotat et velleseque and audant Denton mo 1969; Jenni 1969). Because this is estibus inveliquo velique rerchil estibus inveliquo velique rerchil We collected amphibians and reptileserspienimus, from heronries quos accullabo. of egrets,Ilibus erspienimus,the least quos invasive accullabo. method Ilibus of studying the food consumed by herons, and cormorants, using hand-capturesaut dolor apicto inveresupplemented pe dolum nestlingsaut dolor apicto (Patel invere 1996), pe dolum they were frightened by striking a bam- by a technique more commonly employedfugiatis maionsequat by ornithologists eumque boofugiatis or lightweight maionsequat eumque aluminum pole against a tree branch while moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- for obtaining data on the food spectrumma derrovitae of voluptam,such birds as quos (e.g., simultaneouslytur ma derrovitae voluptam, shouting as or clapping. Nestlings responded by Seigfried 1971; Jenni 1973; Kushlanaccullabo. 1978). The diet of many immediately regurgitating a bolus, which was carefully col- egrets and herons consists of various types of insects, along lected, stored in a plastic bottle, preserved in a 5–10% formalin with fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (Kushlan solution, labeled, and taken to the laboratory for further study. 1978; Sodhi 1992; Mathew et al. 1997). Especially during To test the efficacy of this method for conducting surveys, the breeding season, 45% of the diet of these species can we made observations and collected boluses during the south- comprise amphibians and reptiles (Sodhi and Khera 1984). west monsoon (July–September) in 1997, 1998, and 1999 These birds are widely distributed in many parts of the world, at ten heronries (Fig. 1), four along the margins of protected including the Indian Subcontinent, and all are colonial breed- areas and six in urban areas. Four heronries were mixed-spe- ers. In India, the breeding season more or less coincides with cies and six were single-species heronries (exclusively Cattle the southwest monsoon (Ali and Ripley 1983), which also is Egrets). However, even in the mixed-species heronries, Cattle the breeding season of many species of amphibians (Chandra Egrets were the most abundant species (Table 1) and the only 2002; Das and Dutta 2007) and reptiles (Daniel 2002). one that is largely a terrestrial feeder (Hancock and Kushlan Like other herons and egrets, frightened nestlings of Cattle 1984). Cormorants, herons, and other egrets feed primarily in Egrets will regurgitate food stored in the crop and gizzard aquatic habitats (Ali and Ripley 1983). Copyright © 2016. Raju Vyas. All rights reserved. 68 VYAS AND PARASHARYA IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 23(1):68–73 • APR 2016 Fig. 1. The study area in Gujarat State showing the location of surveyed heronries (see also Table 1). Results Discussion We collected 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, including Food habits of Cattle Egrets are catholic (Hancock and 12 species of frogs and toads, one species of turtle, eight spe- Kushlan 1984), hence the great diversity of reptiles and cies of lizards, and three species of snakes (Table 2). Twelve amphibians in the diet (Figs. 2 & 3). However, Cattle species were in regurgitated food boluses, four of which Egrets are terrestrial and rarely feed in marshy areas, reduc- (Microhyla ornata, Euphlyctis hexadactylus, Eutropis carinata, ing the likelihood of feeding on purely aquatic vertebrates. and Eutropis macularia) were found in four or more heronries, Consequently, small terrestrial vertebrates dominate their five (Polypedates maculatus, Lygosoma albopunctata, Lygosoma diet. On the other hand, cormorants, herons, and the other guentheri, Amphiesma stolata, and Xenochrophis piscator) in egrets feed primarily on aquatic organisms (fishes, occa- only two heronries, and three (Ramanella sp., Lissemys punc- sional amphibians and aquatic snakes like the Buff-striped tata hatchlings, and an adult Echis carinata) were limited to Keelback, Amphiesma stolata). With the exception of the small areas within a single heronry.