Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 www.alls.aiac.org.au The Politics of Code Switching and Code Mixing: A critical Study of Arundhati Roy’s Novel the Ministry of Utmost Happiness in the Postcolonial Discourse Perspective Iesar Ahmad* King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Corresponding Author: Iesar Ahmad, E-mail:[email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history This study is an attempt to investigate the code-switching and code mixing (CS and CM) Received: March 19, 2019 strategies deployed by Arundhati Roy (Roy) in the novel, ‘The Ministry of Utmost Happiness’ Accepted: June 13, 2019 (MOUH) in terms of the linguistic hybridity and cultural syncreticity as an vantage site to contest Published: August 31, 2019 and mediate the presumptive purity, representation, authenticity and universality of the western Volume: 10 Issue: 4 discourses and its discursive norms. In addition, it explores how such linguistic and literary Advance access: July 2019 practices deconstruct and decolonize the binary opposition like “speech/writing” “self/Other”” “Presence/Absence’ in the postcolonial disruptive discourse perspective. The core aim of the study is also to investigate the authenticity of the CS and CM strategies employed by the postcolonial Conflicts of interest: None writers like Roy consciously or unconsciously to foreground the difference and ambivalence Funding: None in their counter discourse perspective. The study has also a great significance in terms of the pedagogical, theoretical, and analytical perspective in the postcolonial settings of Anglophone south Asia, western Africa, West Indies as well as in the settler colonies. The research design Key words: focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the selected and identified texts specifically from the Western Discourses, novel MOUH and generally from other postcolonial discourses in the context of the interpretative Counter Discourses, epistemology, deconstructivity and postcolonial discourse perspective. The study concludes that Code-switching, such textual practices of code mixing and code switching are also authentic and pragmatic; which Code-mixing, simultaneously also reflect an alternative vantage site to address the metonymic gaps in terms of Decolonization, difference, identity, hybridity and representation of the ex-colonized and marginalized nations Representation in the context of overwhelming globalization and neo-colonialism. The study also affirms and recommends that in this age of melting zones, widespread migration and globalization; linguistic variations and cultural diversities must be celebrated as a privileged site of difference and plurality. It also suggests that the creative English writers like Arundhati Roy and their narratives may be encouraged and disseminated in order to demystify the misrepresentation, misperception, misconception, and mistrust between the Anglo-American’s Discourse shaper and mover, and the peripheral counter discourses in terms of the mediation and constant engaging contest and conflict across the globe. INTRODUCTION reconstructs such western linguistic, literary, cultural and To many literary writers and critics of the South Asia lit- institutional tropes to foreground the South Asian peculiar linguistic, cultural, racial, political, and patriarchal norms erary landscape, Roy is one of the most celebrated Indian based on the indigenous normative practices. She also expos- novelists and political activists. For instance, her novel god es transgender discrimination, extremism, terrorism, neo-co- of small things has been hailed as a great literary artifact, lonialism as well as brutal mistreatment of the millions of which has attracted global readership. With the publication Dalits, women, brutal policies against people of Kashmir, of this novel; she has been shot to the limelight and received and other marginalized communities of India in her discours- highest literary awards like Man Booker Prize. In addition, es. She not only subverts the western discursive literary and she has also published critical essays, and powerful political linguistic norms but also simultaneously, reconstructs these speeches, journalistic writings and interviews, which have literary, institutional and cultural tropes on the linguistic and been compiled in the many literary works till now. In her literary pattern of indigenous languages like, Hindi and Urdu second much awaited novel MOUH is published in 2017, to install the geo-political and pluralistic ethno-linguistics after the phenomenal gap of almost two decades. In both her norms of the South Asian societies. In the similar context, novels, along with these critical and political narratives, she Ahmad refers views of Widdowson that once “language is not only dismantles the western linguistic and literary dis- used, it can’t be kept under your control, people do appropri- cursive norms, but also simultaneously, re-appropriate and ate it.” He further refers views of Phan Le Ha that notion of Published by Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. Copyright (c) the author(s). This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.4p.161 162 ALLS 10(4):161-165 appropriation not only denotes difference and separateness, vein, Ahmad also quotes Afolayan’s views of Mikhail Bakh- but also simultaneously facilitate “to serve global citizens tin on the counter discourse practices that “The word in lan- and would not take their sense of belonging as well” (4-5). guage is half someone else’s… it is from there that one must Likewise, in the similar context, Roy’s deployment of CS take the word, and make it one’s own” (2). Hence, the aim and CM strategies also foreground the perennial concerns of the study is to foreground the linguistic, literary, cultur- like hybridity, alterity, self, othering, ambivalence, sexuality, al norms embedded in the postcolonial discourses of South extremism, and global economic politics in the context of Asia, Anglophone Africa, and West Indies and partly of the the South Asian’s tangled post-colonized experiences. The Settler colonies; which are also authentic, and humanistic in conceptual framework would be postcolonial discourse the- terms of the western hegemonic discourses. Accordingly, the ory, interpretative epistemology and deconstructionism for Anglophone creative writers re-appropriate and re-constitute the analysis of the selected texts from her novel (MOUH). the inherited linguistic, literary, political, institutional and This study would also be very constructive and effective for cultural tools in order to address the metonymic gaps as well the bilingual/multilingual scholars, researchers, theorists as to foreground the linguistic richness repertoire of their in- and teachers of the Anglophone countries as well as for the digenous languages as well as diverse cultural and pluralistic Settler Colonies to rein-scribe and re-structure the western social norms. linguistic and literary tropes in the context of the post-colo- nized lived experiences. LITERATURE REVIEW The researcher views that it is very pertinent here to dis- Background of the Study tinct the subtle difference between these two terms of for In this study, I would also like to investigate the practice and the conception and clarity in terms of the subverting and diffusion of the western discourses in terms of the linguis- appropriating strategies inducted by the postcolonial writers tic, cultural and economic consolidation of the empires in the in their discourses. Bamiro refers views of Braj Kachru- a overseas territories. It also investigates how these western lit- noted linguist and theorist of the postcolonial englishes, who erary discourses are disseminated to reshape and reconstruct described the subtle distinction between CS and CM in the the linguistic, cultural and geo-political norms of the subju- literary texts. According to this distinction: gated people of the South Asia, Anglophone Africa, west In- “Code-switching entails the ability to switch from code dies and partly of the settler colonies. In addition, the western A to code B. The alternation of codes is determined by the discourses are diffused as an organic, authentic, and univer- function, the situation, and the participants. In other words, it sal. But on the contrary, the non-western discourses and cul- refers to categorization of one’s verbal repertoire in terms of tures are projected and highlighted as atavistic, sentimental, functions and roles…code mixing, on the other hand, entails sensual and vernacular. In addition, these western discursive transferring linguistic units from one code into another. Such practices are spread as sacred in terms of the savage, inhuman a transfer (mixing) results in developing a new restricted and unethical of the colonized subjects. In the similar western or not so restricted code of linguistic interaction. One may textual concern, Javeed refers views of Audre Lorde in the consider code-switching a process which can result in code- context of South Asia on the colonial as well as indigenous mixed varieties. A multi-lingual or multi-dialectical person powerful elites that most of the western colonial discourses is generally able to associate a function and an effect with “conditions us to see human differences in simplistic binary various types of language or dialect mixes” (23-24). In the opposition like, dominant/subordinate, white/black, superior/ similar context,