Chapter 4: Growth & Crisis in Colonial Society (1720-1765) Women in New England Society New England Freeholders Middle Colonies Economy Middle Colonies Society The Enlightenment Deism vs. Pietism Benjamin Franklin George Whitefield 1st Great Awakening Old Lights vs. New Lights Colonial Colleges Baptist Revival Church French & Indian War Albany Plan of Union Pontiac’s Rebellion KEY CONCEPT: American colonies becoming gradually more democratic, dissatisfied and united during the mid 1700s How would these colonial population trends contribute to rebellion from England in the 1770s? What was the threat to the freehold ideal in mid 1700s New England, and what strategies did families use to preserve this ideal? (p.108) Population Trends, Women's Roles, Inheritance Traditions, Household Production Who were the new migrants to the Middle Colonies? Why did they leave Europe? What were their goals in British North America? (p. 115) Middle Colonies Economy Middle Colonies Society In what ways did the Enlightenment and Great Awakening prompt Americans to challenge traditional sources of authority? (p. 124) The Enlightenment Deism vs. Pietism Benjamin Franklin George Whitefield 1st Great Awakening Old Lights vs. New Lights Colonial Colleges Dissatisfaction & Unity Grow… (1754) The Seven Years War a.k.a “French & Indian War” or “Great War for Empire” (1754 – 1763) Sparks end of Salutary Neglect and onset of revolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vKGU3aEGss&index=5&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening: Crash Course US History #5 The French & Indian War (1754 – 1763) aka “Seven Years War” or “Great War for Empire” Ends Salutary Neglect & Sparks Quest for American Independence French & Indian War Documents Analysis Summarize in bullet points the audience, purpose, context and/or point of view of the document Briefly explain how the document helps answer the prompt Chapter 5: Towards Independence 1763 - 1776 to Chapter 5 – Towards Independence: Years of Decision (1763-1776) “Great War for Empire” Debt Proclamation Line of 1763 George Greenville Sugar Act Vice-Admiralty Courts “Taxation without representation” Quartering Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Townshend Act Non-Importation Movement Boston Massacre Committees of Correspondence Boston Tea Party Coercive (Intolerable) Acts Quebec Act Continental Congress Lexington & Concord Loyalists & Tories Common Sense Declaration of Independence Pre 1763 “Baby Steps” Towards Dissatisfaction with England and Desire for American Independence & Unity • Colonists who leave Europe for America tend to have more “alternative” mindset for the beginning (Ex: Indentured Servants, Puritans, Quakers) • Traditions of independent colonial assemblies & courts (Ex: House of Burgesses) • Frequent disregard of mercantilist policy (ex: smuggling under Navigation Acts) • Failed British “crackdowns” (Ex: Dominion of New England & Molasses Act) • Development of a unique American society & culture (Ex: Great Awakening, Non English Immigrants) • Idea of desirability of American colonial cooperation is being discussed (Ex: Albany Congress proposal for “Plan of Union”) Main Idea: Salutary Neglect fosters independence Main Results of French & Indian War • England dominates territorial holdings while France & Spain are a weaker presence in North America • Americans see British Redcoats up close & in action – military experience gained and respect declines • England amasses great financial debts from war • King George III & PM Lord Grenville now lead UK bringing with them a new attitude about the colonies & their place in the Empire • Heated debate on nature of the Rights of Englishmen & Taxation Without Representation vs. Virtual Representation erupts in Parliament and in the colonies Colonial Unrest & British Reaction Intensify 1763 – 1776 (see chart on p. 162 in text) 1st Major Example of New British Policies in 13 Colonies: Proclamation Line of 1763 Angers Colonial Traders, Settlers & Land Speculators Chapter 5 HW – Group 1: Why did the colonists object to the new taxes in 1764 and again in 1765? What arguments did they use? How did these conflicts turn into a constitutional crisis? (Page 147) Mention: Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Vice Admiralty Courts, George Grenville Chapter 5 HW – Group 2: Weigh the relative importance of economic and ideological motives in promoting the colonial resistance movement. Which was more important? Why? (Page 155) Mention: Stamp Act Congress, Sons of Liberty, Enlightenment, Townshend Acts, Non-Importation, Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party leads to Coercive (aka “Intolerable”) Acts Colonist Respond both calmly Ex: Committees of Correspondence & First Continental Congress AND… …with Force Ex: Lexington & Concord & Bunker Hill (1775) Patriots (Whigs) & Loyalists (Tories) begin undeclared war as Minutemen fire “Shot Heard Round the World” & Massachusetts militia told, “Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes.” Chapter 5 HW – Group 3: Why did colonial and British leaders fail to reach a political compromise to save the empire? (Page 167) Mention: Continental Congress, Lexington & Concord, Tories & Whigs, Common Sense, Declaration of Independence Excerpts from Thomas Paine’s, Common Sense, 1776 This new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still. Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, 'tis time to part. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind. Volumes have been written on the subject of the struggle between England and America. Men of all ranks have embarked in the controversy, from different motives, and with various designs; but all have been ineffectual, and the period of debate is closed. Arms, as the last resource, decide the contest; the appeal was the choice of the king, and the continent hath accepted the challenge. The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. 'Tis not the affair of a city, a country, a province, or a kingdom, but of a continent—of at least one eighth part of the habitable globe. 'Tis not the concern of a day, a year, or an age; posterity are virtually involved in the contest, and will be more or less affected, even to the end of time, by the proceedings now. Now is the seed time of continental union, faith and honor. Why did it take the Continental Congress more than a year after Lexington & Concord for an official “Declaration of Independence”? • Sentimental attachment to England & King was strong • Colonial elite fear anarchy • Hope that the British would change policies • Reluctance of colonial merchants to lose trade w/ UK • Failed invasion of Canada & defeat at Bunker Hill illustrates American military shortcomings • Lack of consensus at Continental Congress • But, after “Olive Branch Petition” rejected in November, 1775, Many colonial legislatures meet as well as the 2nd Continental Congress meet in Philadelphia in Summer of 1776 and… Excerpts From the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, July 1776 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive to these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. …. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world… He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good… He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people… He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislature. .. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation… For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us… For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world… For imposing taxes on us without our consent… For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury… Video Reviews: Taxes & Smuggling - Prelude to Revolution: Crash Course US History #6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=6 The Coming of Independence: A Biography of America #4 https://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog04/transcript/index.html PBS: Liberty! The American Revolution Episode 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCAWRXfD33I.