Sustainable Land and Wat er Management The CAADP Pillar I Framework “Tool” for use by Countries in Mainstreaming and Upscaling of Sustainable Land and Water Management in Africa’s Agriculture and Rural Development Agenda September 2009 i The preparation of this framework – led by a joint NEPAD, University of Zambia (UNZA) and Permanent Inter-state Committee for Drought Control in Sahel (CILSS) effort – has built on two earlier undertakings, namely (a) the work commissioned by the TerrAfrica Partnership under the leadership of the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and (b) a review led by the African Development Bank, FAO, IFAD, IWMI and World Bank (2007) under the theme ―Investing in Agriculture Water for Poverty Reduction and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.‖ A CAADP Pillar I Expert Reference Group provided valuable review input in ensuring that this framework document was tailored to African needs and responsive to advancing the CAADP agenda. ii Lead Team BWALYA Martin, NEPAD Secretariat DIALLO Amadou Allahoury, NEPAD Secretariat PHIRI Elijah, UNZA HAMADOUN Mahalmoudou, CILSS Please send your comments to: [email protected] with copies to: [email protected] and [email protected] iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. vii Foreword................................................................................................ 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Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. viii 1.0 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Pillar 1 in CAADP process: Objectives and link with other pillars ............................................... 1 1.1.1 The CAADP process and its pillars ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 The CAADP agenda and Pillar 1 ......................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Role, objective and aims of the Framework ........................................................................ 3 1.2 Definitions of sustainable land and water management ............................................................. 4 1.2.1 Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Other related approaches to SLWM .................................................................................... 5 1.3 Why sustainable land and water management? ......................................................................... 5 2.0 Profile and state of land and water resources in Africa ................................................................... 7 2.1 Land resources ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Agricultural water ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Land administration and governance ........................................................................................ 15 2.4 Crop production, livestock, fisheries (aquaculture) and forestry ............................................... 16 2.5 Main issues and bottlenecks for SLWM .................................................................................... 16 2.5.1 Issues and bottlenecks ...................................................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Key barriers and bottlenecks ............................................................................................. 17 2.5.3 Up scaling and mainstreaming through a dramatic shift in emphasis ............................... 18 2.6 Challenges and opportunities for SLWM .................................................................................. 18 2.6.1 Challenges ......................................................................................................................... 18 2.6.2 Opportunities...................................................................................................................... 20 2.6.3 Land administration/governance........................................................................................ 23 3.0 Strategic elements for extending the area under sustainable land and water management systems................................................................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Guiding principles for SLWM..................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Social/people-centred management and approaches ....................................................... 24 3.1.2 Sector-wide approaches (SWAps) .................................................................................... 25 3.1.3 Ensuring integrated water resources ................................................................................. 25 3.1.4 Landscape and ecosystem management approaches ...................................................... 26 3.1.5 Implementation conditionality ............................................................................................ 26 3.2 Best practices ............................................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1 Crop production and management .................................................................................... 26 3.2.2 Pastoral and livestock management .................................................................................. 27 3.2.3 Agroforestry and forestry ................................................................................................... 28 iv 3.2.4 Water and irrigation management ..................................................................................... 29 3.2.5 Community-based national resource management ........................................................... 31 3.2.6 Farmer learning networks .................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Building on lessons learnt ......................................................................................................... 31 3.4 Priorities and options for upscaling sustainable land and water management ......................... 34 3.4.1 Institutional issues ............................................................................................................. 34 3.4.2 Policy issues ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.2.1 Land policy issues .......................................................................................................... 35 3.4.3 Technology ........................................................................................................................ 41 3.4.4 Knowledge management and capacity building ................................................................ 42 3.4.5 Investments and financing ................................................................................................. 42 4.0 Emerging issues ............................................................................................................................ 43 4.1 SLWM and climate change ....................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Demographic pressure .............................................................................................................. 44 4.3 Green revolution ........................................................................................................................ 44 4.4. Energy, food safety and security .............................................................................................. 46 4.5. Foreign demand for land .......................................................................................................... 46 5.0 Operationalization of the framework .............................................................................................. 49 5.1. Continental and regional levels ................................................................................................ 49 5.2 National level ............................................................................................................................. 50 5.3 Networking, awareness and advocacy ..................................................................................... 51 5.4 Resource mobilisation ............................................................................................................... 51 5.4.1 Resource mobilisation for SLM .......................................................................................... 51 5.4.2 Resource mobilisation for water management .................................................................. 52 6.0 Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................................................. 53 7.0 ANNEXES