Cretaceous Research 56 (2015) 76e92 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes Berriasian rudist faunas and micropalaeontology of Stramberk type carbonate exotics from the Lycian nappes, Bodrum Peninsula, southwest Turkey * € Jean-Pierre Masse a, , Mükerrem Fenerci-Masse a, Sacit Ozer b, Talip Güngor€ b, Cüneyt Akal b a CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, Centre Saint-Charles, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France _ b Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, Tınaztepe Campus, Buca, 35160 Izmir, Turkey article info abstract Article history: Megablocks of coral-rudist bearing platform limestone, of Stramberk type, are present as exotics in upper Received 15 December 2014 SantonianeCampanian flysch-like deposits of the Karabortlen€ formation, near Bodrum. These beds Accepted in revised form 23 March 2015 belong to the Lycian nappes and the palaeogeographic origin of the megablocks is unclear. The micro- Available online paleontological assemblage of benthic foraminifera, calcareous green algae and problematica of the blocks indicates a Berriasian age, and has a Mediterranean character. Rudists are essentially represented Keywords: by Heterodiceras luci (Epidiceratidae) and Hypelasma salevensis (Requieniidae), commonly found in the Rudist bivalves Upper TithonianeBerriasian of the European margin of the Mediterranean Tethys. The Lycian specimens Micropalaeontology fi Palaeogeography of Hypelasma represent the rst record of this taxon on the southern Tethyan margin whereas Hetero- fi fi Palaeobiogeography diceras has been reported from the peri-Adriatic regions but is identi ed for the rst time in Turkey. Lower Cretaceous © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Turkey 1. Introduction and requieniids have been mentionned (Altıner et al., 1991; Masse € and Ozer, unpublished observations). Cretaceous rudists from Turkey are present on both the north- The present paper provides the first report of the occurrence of ern, European (Pontides), and southern Tethyan margins including Berriasian rudists in Turkey and includes the description of repre- the Anatolia-Taurides and the Arabic promontory regions of Ana- sentatives of diceratids and requienids. The rudist fauna and tolia (Fig. 1)(Collins and Robertson, 1998; Okay and Tuysuz, 1999). associated platform carbonates of Stramberk type, have been Late Cretaceous faunas encompass the CenomanianeMaastrichtian investigated in the Bodrum Peninsula, within the Lycian Nappes interval, they are highly diverse, widely distributed, and well- (Brunn et al., 1971) of the Lycian Taurus, in southwestern Turkey € documented (Karacabey, 1970; Karacabey-Oztemür, 1980; Fenerci, (Fig. 2). Dating of the platform carbonates is mainly based on the € € 1999; Ozer, 1983, 1998, 2002, 2010a,b; Ozer et al., 2009). Early identification and stratigraphic significance of benthic foraminifera, Cretaceous faunas are less diverse, they are currently only partially calcareous algae and some problematica, whereas rudists are also known, and have been essentially documented from the Pontides used concurrently for this purpose. We discuss the palaeoecological but have been recorded punctually in central and western Turkey. and paleobiogeographical significance of the faunal assemblage. Lower Cretaceous records are restricted to the BarremianeAptian of the Amasra-Zonguldak region, western Pontides (Douville, 1896; 2. Geological setting Masse et al., 2002, 2004), the Albian of the Bey Daglar ı, western _ Taurides (Fenerci-Masse, 2006) and the Karaburun Peninsula, Izmir The Lycian Taurus constitutes the eastern branch of the Dinaric- region, western Turkey (Masse et al., 2010). In addition, in Lower Hellenic arc which crosses the Aegean sea and consists of three Cretaceous limestones of the Bursa-Bilecik area sparse diceratids main tectonic units (Bernoulli et al.,1974; Gutnic et al.,1979; S¸ engor€ and Yılmaz, 1981; Poisson, 1985; Collins and Robertson, 1998; Güngor€ and Erdogan, 2001; Arslan et al., 2013)(Fig. 2): 1- An “ ” ı * Corresponding author. autochtonous basement mainly known in the Bey Daglar , made E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-P. Masse). of a thick (more than 1000 m) succession of platform carbonates of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.03.005 0195-6671/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. J.-P. Masse et al. / Cretaceous Research 56 (2015) 76e92 77 32 36 40 Sinop SEA Artvin BLACK Amasra Giresun Trabzon 42 Kirklareli Zonguldak Bayburt Istanbul Çankiri Amasya Izmit Van Thessaloniki Bolu Ankara Bilecik Sivas Erzurum Çanakkale Elazig AEGEAN Malatya Adiyaman Izmir Kahraman Maras Konya Diyarbakir 38 SEA Isparta Mersin Mugla Athens Hatay Antalya N 34 MEDITERRANEAN 200 km 24 28 32 Beirut Fig. 1. Distribution of Cretaceous rudist localities in Turkey. Upper Cretaceous sites marked by squares, Lower Cretaceous sites by triangles, the study site near Bodrum a star € (modified and complemented from Ozer, 2002). Jurassic to Late Cretaceous p.p. age (Poisson, 1974). 2-The Lycian the Gereme Formation which consists of platform limestones and Nappes. 3-The Menderes metamorphic complex, the core of which dolomites of early Jurassic age. This shallow water formation is consists of Proterozoic-Paleozoic rocks overlain by Mesozoic met- followed by calcareous talus and basinal deposits, with Aptychus, asediments including mainly marbles with emery, which contain ascribed to the Middle and Upper Jurassic, corresponding with the late Cretaceous rudists, the topmost of the cover rocks is charac- lower Çal Dag Formation. The overlying unit, the upper Çal Dag terized by reddish pelagic marbles and flysch type rocks (Dürr, Formation, consists of well bedded basinal micritic limestones € € 1975; Konak et al., 1987; Ozer, 1998; Ozer et al., 2001; Dora et al., with cherts and episodic calcarenites (turbidites). The basal part 2001). yield calpionellids: Remaniella cadischiana and Calpionella alpina, The study area of Bodrum is located in the Lycian Nappes (Fig. 3) and the upper part Favusella washitensis and Rotalipora appen- which were divided by Senel (1997) into five tectonic units which ninica; the age of the upper Çal Dag beds therefore encompasses are, in ascending order: the Tavas, Bodrum, Gülbahar, Domuzdag the Berriasian-Albian interval. The presence of Rotalipora cush- and the Marmaris ophiolite. Alternative views were then envisaged mani in the uppermost part of the formation indicates the latest by Collins and Robertson (1998), who recognized three main tec- Cenomanian (Huber et al., 1999) and suggests that the capping tonic units showing an imbricated structure, from base to top, the major sedimentary discontinuity (locally marked by breccias, “Lycian Thrust Sheets” comprising Permo-Triassic to Tertiary low namely the “Sirna breccia”) may correspond to the Cen- grade metamorphic sediments with subordinate volcanics and omanianeTuronian boundary. The overlying Karabortlen€ forma- consisting of four thrust sub-units (Karadag, Yavuz, Teke Dere and tion is a shaly-sandy one and contains Globotruncana convexa, Koyce€ giz nappes), the thick “Lycian Melange ” consisting of chaotic G. linneiana, G. lapparenti and G. coronata. The range of these ocean-related sedimentary and igneous lithologies and two sub- species (Sarı, 2006; Elamri and Zaghbib-Turki, 2014) supports a units, namely the Layered Tectonic Melange and the Ophiolitic Coniacian/SantonianeCampanian age. The Karabortlen€ formation Tectonic Melange and the “Lycian Peridodite Thrust Sheet” con- is characterized by the presence of limestones breccias, including sisting of serpentinized peridotite with an amphibolitic meta- megablocks reworked from the underlying basement, essentially morphic sole. the Çal Dag cherty limestones, whereas blocks of diabase, radio- larites and metamorphic rocks are present at the topmost part of 3. Stratigraphic context the formation in beds of Maastrichtian age with Abatomphalus cf. mayaorensis. One of the biggest megablocks, here labelled the The overall JurassiceCretaceous stratigraphic succession of the “Bitez block”, originally recognized by Monod (in Bernoulli et al., Bodrum area, has been described by Graciansky et al. (1967) and 1974) and made of platform limestones with rudists, forms the Bernoulli et al. (1974) (Fig. 4). Some of the former stratigraphic Bitez promontory. Different types of limestone blocks, with a hypothesis concerning the Cretaceous are re-interpreted or smaller size, are present within and in the vicinity of the city of refined herein, in the light of newly established biostratigraphic Bodrum, one of them with coral and diceratids supports the old schemes. The lowermost part of the succession is represented by castle. 78 J.-P. Masse et al. / Cretaceous Research 56 (2015) 76e92 Fig. 2. Structural map of SW Turkey, with location of the Lycian Nappes in between the Menderes and the Bey Daglari autochtons (after Collins and Robertson, 1998; Okay and Tuysuz, 1999). 3.1. The Bitez block: lithology and micropaleontology Skupien, 2013; Eliasova, 2008), the western Carpathians (Sotak, 1987), the northern calcareous Alps (Schlagintweit and Ebli, 3.1.1. Stramberk type facies 1999); the Apuseni Mountains (Bucur and Sasaran, 2005), the The Bitez block, in the range of 100 m thick, consists of massive outer Carpathians and foreland (Ivanova and Kolodziej, 2010), and limestones (Fig. 5A) with rudists, essentially diceratids, and corals Transylvania (Serban et al., 2004; Bucur et al., 2014a). The Stram- (Fig. 5B). Microencrusters