Chapter 10: phonetiCs ii: voiCed sounds CoMMENTARY on aCtivities activity 10.1 Nasal stops such as [n] and [m] are normally voiced. Burmese is cited by Ladefoged (2005: 135) as a language with voiceless nasals. Voiceless nasals are transcribed with the diacritic for voicelessness: [n̥ ], [m̥ ] etc. activity 10.2 [f] voiceless labiodental fricative as in [fɔːn] fawn [v] voiced labiodental fricative as in [vɔːn] Vaughan, but over and many other words would have been alright. [θ] voiceless dental fricative as in [θaɪ] thigh [ð] voiced dental fricative as in [ðaɪ] thy, or other etc. [ ʃ ] voiceless post- alveolar fricative as in [ ʃɑːk] shark [ʒ] voiced post- alveolar fricative as in [ʒɑːk] Jacques (in a rather English imitation of French), or the middle consonant sound in measure, for example. The voiced counterpart appears on the immediate right of each voiceless fricative within a cell. activity 10.3 x ʃ s z ð z v z z ɦ s f O c h , s h e s e e s t h o s e v a s e s a h e a d a r e s a f e . θ h z f v ð z ʒ ʃ z E a r t h h a s a f e w o f t h e s e A s i a n s h o e s . Many people do Asian with voiceless [ ʃ ], instead of its voiced counterpart [ʒ]. Some speakers do those and these with an initial [v] and earth with a final f[ ]. To complete the underlining you needed to know that [n] is voiced and that [d] counts as voiced. activity 10.5 2 The tap [ɽ] is out of place in a set of nasals. 3 Voiceless [s] does not belong in a set of voiced sounds. 4 Dental [ð] is the odd one out in a set with alveolar place of articulation. (You might also have said that as [n] is a nasal, it doesn’t belong with the others which are all oral sounds.) 5 As a voiced sound, [ʙ] does not fit with voiceless ones. 6 The glottal plosive [ʔ] is the only one that is not a fricative. Even [ɹ̝ ] is a fricative, and hunting around in the IPA table of diacritics should help you to work out why this is so..