Stock-poisoning Plants of Western Canada by WALTER MAJAK, BARBARA M. BROOKE and ROBERT T. OGILVIE CONTENTS AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS ............................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 6 MAJOR NATIVE SPECIES Saskatoon....................................................................................................................................... 9 Chokecherry ................................................................................................................................ 10 Seaside arrowgrass ..................................................................................................................... 12 Marsh arrowgrass 13 Meadow death camas ................................................................................................................. 13 White camas 15 Ponderosa pine ............................................................................................................................ 15 Lodgepole pine 17 Timber milkvetch ........................................................................................................................ 17 Tall larkspur ................................................................................................................................ 19 Low larkspur 21 Monkshood 23 Water-hemlock ............................................................................................................................ 24 Water-parsnip 27 Cow parsnip 28 Giant hogweed 28 Angelica 28 OTHER NATIVE SPECIES Bracken fern ................................................................................................................................ 30 Golden corydalis ......................................................................................................................... 31 Pink corydalis 31 Heaths ......................................................................................................................................... 33 Western minniebush 33 Stock-poisoning Plants of Western Canada - 2008 1 White rose-bay (white rhododendron) 33 Trapper’s tea 33 Labrador-tea 33 Bog-laurel 33 Bog-rosemary 33 Greasewood ................................................................................................................................ 34 Dogbane....................................................................................................................................... 35 Green false hellebore ................................................................................................................ 35 Horsetails .................................................................................................................................... 35 Locoweed .................................................................................................................................... 36 Silky locoweed (mycotoxin) 38 Field locoweed 38 Two-grooved milkvetch 38 Purple locoweed 38 Freckled milkvetch 39 Lupine ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Silky lupine 40 Silvery lupine 41 Many-leaf lupine 41 Burke’s lupine 41 Arctic lupine 41 Showy milkweed ........................................................................................................................ 42 Onion .......................................................................................................................................... 42 INTRODUCED SPECIES DOMESTIC CROPS Perennial ryegrass (mycotoxin)................................................................................................... 43 Brassicas (Cabbage Family)........................................................................................................ 43 Reed canarygrass ........................................................................................................................ 44 Meadow foxtail ........................................................................................................................... 45 Sweet clover (mycotoxin) .......................................................................................................... 45 Tall fescue (mycotoxin) .............................................................................................................. 47 WEEDS Common groundsel .................................................................................................................... 48 Tansy ragwort ............................................................................................................................. 49 Common hound’s-tongue ........................................................................................................... 49 Common comfrey ....................................................................................................................... 51 Kochia ......................................................................................................................................... 51 Poison-hemlock........................................................................................................................... 52 Stinkweed .................................................................................................................................... 53 Hoary alyssum............................................................................................................................. 54 Black nightshade ......................................................................................................................... 54 Hairy nightshade 55 Wild tomato 55 Buffalobur 56 Climbing nightshade 56 Stock-poisoning Plants of Western Canada - 2008 2 Deadly nightshade 57 Potato plants 57 Tomato plants 57 Black henbane 58 Jimsonweed 58 TREES Black walnut................................................................................................................................ 59 Horse chestnut ............................................................................................................................. 60 Red maple.................................................................................................................................... 60 Yew ............................................................................................................................................. 62 OTHER FORAGE PROBLEMS Atypical Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema ................................................................................... 63 Contact irritants ........................................................................................................................... 65 Leafy spurge 65 Tall buttercup 66 Baneberry .................................................................................................................................... 66 Fungal toxins ............................................................................................................................... 67 Mushrooms 67 Endophytic fungi 67 External fungi 68 Decay fungi 68 Ergot 69 Grass tetany ................................................................................................................................. 70 Milk fever.................................................................................................................................... 70 Laminitis (founder)...................................................................................................................... 71 Mechanically injurious................................................................................................................ 72 Nitrate poisoning ......................................................................................................................... 73 Polioencephalomalacia ............................................................................................................... 74 Pasture bloat ............................................................................................................................... 75 Photosensitization ....................................................................................................................... 76 Alsike clover (mycotoxin) 77 Grey horsebrush 81 Lady’s thumb 81 Water smartweed 81 Puncturevine 82 Common Saint John’s-wort 82 Selenium poisoning ..................................................................................................................... 84 Two-grooved milkvetch 85 Narrow-leaved milkvetch 85 Water quality ............................................................................................................................... 85 Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) ............................................................................................... 86 Water intoxication ....................................................................................................................... 87 LITERATURE CITED ..................................................................................................... 88 Stock-poisoning Plants of Western Canada - 2008 3 AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS Dr. Walter Majak,