GEOGRAPHY, POWER, STRATEGY & DEFENCE POLICY ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF PAUL DIBB GEOGRAPHY, POWER, STRATEGY & DEFENCE POLICY ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF PAUL DIBB Edited by Desmond Ball and Sheryn Lee Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Geography, power, strategy and defence policy : essays in honour of Paul Dibb / editors: Desmond Ball, Sheryn Lee. ISBN: 9781760460136 (paperback) 9781760460143 (ebook) Subjects: Dibb, Paul, 1939---Criticism and interpretation. Defensive (Military science) Military planning--Australia. Festschriften. Australia--Military policy. Australia--Defenses. Other Creators/Contributors: Ball, Desmond, 1947- editor. Lee, Sheryn, editor. Dewey Number: 355.033594 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: SDSC Photograph Collection. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents Acronyms . vii Contributors . xi Photographs and Maps . xvii Introduction . 1 Desmond Ball and Sheryn Lee 1 . Introducing Paul Dibb (1): Britain’s Loss, Australia’s Gain . 15 Allan Hawke 2 . Introducing Paul Dibb (2): An Enriching Experience . .. 21 Chris Barrie 3 . Getting to Know Paul Dibb: An Overview of an Extraordinary Career . 25 Desmond Ball 4 . Scholar, Spy, Passionate Realist . 33 Geoffrey Barker 5 . The Power of Geography . 45 Peter J . Rimmer and R . Gerard Ward 6 . The Importance of Geography . 71 Robert Ayson 7 . Paul Dibb’s Impact on Australian Defence Policy . 85 Former Ambassador Kim Beazley 8 . Concepts for Defence Planning . 93 Richard Brabin-Smith 9 . The Politics and Practicalities of Designing Australia’s Force Structure . 113 Peter Jennings 10 . The ‘Priceless’ Alliance: Paul Dibb and ANZUS . 139 Benjamin Schreer 11 . ‘Weak and Mighty’: Unravelling the Enigma of Soviet Power . .. 155 Hugh White 12 . Paul Dibb and the Asian Balance of Power . 171 Brendan Taylor 13 . Hard Power and Regional Diplomacy: The Dibb Legacy . 183 Raoul Heinrichs and William T . Tow Appendix: Paul’s Publications . 205 Acronyms ADF Australian Defence Force ADMI area of direct military interest ADSCS Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station AEW&C airborne early warning and control ALP Australian Labor Party AM Member of the Order of Australia ANU The Australian National University ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States APSI area of primary strategic interest ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASPI Australian Strategic Policy Institute ASW anti-submarine warfare AUSTEO Australian eyes only BAE Bureau of Agricultural Economics CBM confidence-building measure CDAA circularly disposed antenna array CDF Chief of Defence Force CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US) CINCPAC Commander in Chief, Pacific (US) CNS Chief of Naval Staff COMSAT communications satellite CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union DDG guided missile destroyer vii GEOGRAPHY, POWER, StrategY AND DEFENCE POLICY DDS&T Deputy Director for Science and Technology, CIA DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DIO Defence Intelligence Organisation DOA Defence of Australia DRM Donald Ralph Marshall DSB Defence Security Branch DSD Defence Signals Directorate DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation EEC European Economic Community EEPs ARF Experts and Eminent Persons group FFG guided missile frigate FORNSAT foreign satellite FPDA Five Power Defence Arrangements GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters GCSB Government Communications Security Bureau GDP gross domestic product HF high frequency (3–30 MHz) HF DF HF interception and direction-finding HQ ADF headquarters of the Australian Defence Force ICBM inter-continental ballistic missile IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies INTERFET International Force for East Timor JDA Japan Defense Agency JIO Joint Intelligence Organisation JORN Jindalee Operational Radar Network KGB Committee for State Security (Soviet) LHD landing helicopter dock MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) NAS National Assessments Staff NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO non-commissioned officer NIC National Intelligence Committee NRO National Reconnaissance Office viii ACRONYMS ONA Office of National Assessments OSCAR Office of Special Clearances and Records OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSO Office of SIGINT Operations OTHR over-the-horizon radar PLA People’s Liberation Army PNG Papua New Guinea PRC People’s Republic of China RAAF Royal Australian Air Force RAN Royal Australian Navy RANTACS RAN Tactical School RMA revolution in military affairs RSPacS Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU RSPAS Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, ANU RSSS Research School of Social Sciences, ANU SB83 The Strategic Basis of Australian Defence Policy, 1983 SDF Self-Defense Force (Japan) SDSC Strategic and Defence Studies Centre SIGINT signals intelligence STOVL short take-off and vertical landing UKUSA United Kingdom United States of America SIGINT agreement USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VCDF Vice Chief of the Defence Force ix Contributors Robert Ayson is Professor of Strategic Studies and directs the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand. He has held academic positions with The Australian National University, Massey University and the University of Waikato, and official positions in Wellington with the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Select Committee and the External (now National) Assessments Bureau. He has written books on two of the twentieth century’s leading thinkers in strategic studies and international relations, Hedley Bull and Thomas Schelling, and is a frequent media commentator on Asia-Pacific security, nuclear issues and New Zealand and Australian defence policy. Robert is also Honorary Professor at the New Zealand Defence Force Command and Staff College. Desmond Ball AO is Emeritus Professor at The Australian National University’s Strategic and Defence Studies Centre having been head of the Centre from 1984 to 1991. Professor Ball is the author of more than 40 books or monographs on technical intelligence subjects, nuclear strategy, Australian defence, and security in the Asia-Pacific region. His publications include Breaking the Codes: Australia’s KGB Network, 1944–50 (with David Horner); Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra (with Hamish McDonald); and Australia and Cyber-Warfare (with Gary Waters and Ian Dudgeon). He has also written articles on issues such as the strategic culture in the Asia-Pacific region and defence acquisition programs in the region. Professor Ball was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences of Australia in 1986. He served on the Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1994 until 2000, and was co-chair of the Steering Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific from 2000 until 2002. xi GEOGRAPHY, POWER, StrategY AND DEFENCE POLICY Geoffrey Barker is a former foreign affairs and defence correspondent for the Australian Financial Review. He has previously been a visiting fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, The Australian National University. Now semi-retired, he was a European and Washington correspondent for Fairfax and News Ltd newspapers. From Washington he covered the end of the Cold War and of the Soviet Union, including all of the summit meetings between President Reagan and Premier Gorbachev. Admiral (Retired) Chris Barrie AC has been a visiting fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at The Australian National University since 2003. He joined the Royal Australian Navy in 1961, serving for 41 years. He served during the 1990s as Director of the RAN Surface Warfare School and Commanding Officer of HMAS Watson; Deputy Maritime Commander and Chief of Staff at Maritime Headquarters in Sydney; Deputy Chief of Naval Staff; and Vice Chief of the Defence Force. He was Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) from July 1998 to July 2002. As CDF, he directed and commanded the operation to secure East Timor in 1999–2000. Following his retirement in 2002, he spent a year at Oxford University, where he has continued to be involved in its Strategic Leadership programs. The Hon. Kim C. Beazley AC has recently retired as Ambassador to the United States of America (appointed in February 2010). He was a member of the Australian Parliament (House of Representatives) from 1980 to 2007. He served as Minister for Defence in the Hawke Labor Government in 1984–90, and was Deputy Prime Minister in 1995–96. He was leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and Leader of the Opposition in 1996–2001 and 2005–06. After retiring from politics in 2007, Mr Beazley was appointed Winthrop Professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Western Australia. In July 2008 he was appointed Chancellor of The Australian National University, a position he held until December 2009. Richard Brabin-Smith AO is a visiting fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre of The Australian National University, where he follows his interests in Australian and regional security. Before this he spent some 30 years in the Australian Department of Defence