LANCASHIRE HISTORIC TOWN SURVEY PROGRAMME BURNLEY HISTORIC TOWN ASSESSMENT REPORT MAY 2005 Lancashire County Council and Egerton Lea Consultancy with the support of English Heritage and Burnley Borough Council Lancashire Historic Town Survey Burnley The Lancashire Historic Town Survey Programme was carried out between 2000 and 2006 by Lancashire County Council and Egerton Lea Consultancy with the support of English Heritage. This document has been prepared by Lesley Mitchell and Suzanne Hartley of the Lancashire County Archaeology Service, and is based on an original report written by Richard Newman and Caron Newman, who undertook the documentary research and field study. The illustrations were prepared and processed by Caron Newman, Lesley Mitchell, Suzanne Hartley, Nik Bruce and Peter Iles. Copyright © Lancashire County Council 2005 Contact: Lancashire County Archaeology Service Environment Directorate Lancashire County Council Guild House Cross Street Preston PR1 8RD Mapping in this volume is based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Lancashire County Council Licence No. 100023320 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Lancashire County Council would like to acknowledge the advice and assistance provided by Graham Fairclough, Jennie Stopford, Andrew Davison, Roger Thomas, Judith Nelson and Darren Ratcliffe at English Heritage, Paul Mason, John Trippier, and all the staff at Lancashire County Council, in particular Nik Bruce, Jenny Hayward, Jo Clark, Peter Iles, Peter McCrone and Lynda Sutton. Egerton Lea Consultancy Ltd wishes to thank the staff of the Lancashire Record Office, particularly Sue Goodwin, for all their assistance during the course of this study. The help of the staff of Burnley Local Studies Library is also gratefully acknowledged. © Lancashire County Council 2005 Lancashire Historic Town Survey Burnley CONTENTS Contents..................................................................................................................................i Figures..................................................................................................................................iii Plates....................................................................................................................................iii SUMMARY............................................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Project background ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Project aims ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Project outputs ............................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Project methodology ................................................................................................... 5 2. LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ............................ 8 2.1 Geographical location ................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Geology....................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Landscape setting....................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Study area................................................................................................................... 8 3. SOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Published works........................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Manuscripts............................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Photographs and prints............................................................................................. 12 3.4 Cartographic evidence .............................................................................................. 13 3.5 Archaeological evidence ........................................................................................... 14 4. HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT.............................................. 16 4.1 Prehistoric ................................................................................................................. 16 4.2 Romano-British ......................................................................................................... 16 4.3 Post-Roman and early medieval............................................................................... 16 4.4 Medieval.................................................................................................................... 16 4.5 Post-medieval ........................................................................................................... 19 4.6 Industrial and modern: the settlement pattern in the early nineteenth century ......... 24 4.7 Industrial and modern: the later nineteenth century town ......................................... 29 5. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC URBAN CHARACTER AND NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE................................................. 43 5.1 Surviving plan components....................................................................................... 43 5.2 Building materials...................................................................................................... 63 5.3 Housing types ........................................................................................................... 64 5.4 Communication networks.......................................................................................... 65 5.5 Spaces, vistas and panoramas................................................................................. 67 © Lancashire County Council 2006 i Lancashire Historic Town Survey Burnley 5.6 Plan form and architectural character ....................................................................... 68 5.7 Nature And Significance Of The Archaeological Resource....................................... 69 6. DESIGNATIONS............................................................................................................. 71 6.1 Listed buildings ......................................................................................................... 71 6.2 Scheduled monuments ............................................................................................. 71 6.3 Conservation areas................................................................................................... 71 6.4 Registered parks and gardens.................................................................................. 72 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 73 8. APPENDICES................................................................................................................. 79 1 Medieval sites shown on Figure 6................................................................................ 79 2 Post-medieval sites shown on Figure 7 ....................................................................... 80 3 Industrial-era sites shown on Figure 8 ......................................................................... 87 4 Listed Buildings shown on Figure 11 ......................................................................... 105 © Lancashire County Council 2006 ii Lancashire Historic Town Survey Burnley FIGURES 1. Location map of survey area 2. Detail of town, showing survey area and contour data 3. Historic Landscape Characterisation – character areas for Lancashire 4. Detail of Burnley as mapped in 1848 5. Archaeological sites recorded for Burnley 6. Medieval sites, areas and communication routes in Burnley 7. Post-medieval sites, settlement areas and communication routes in Burnley 8. Industrial era sites and communication routes in Burnley 9. Development of the town 10. Present Historic Townscape Character – HTC Types and Areas 11. Designations PLATES 1. Lane Bridge in 1842, from the Habergham Eaves tithe map 2. Burnley Wood in 1842 3. The Old Houses in the market place, Top o’ th’ Town. Probably seventeenth century in origin 4. The Tudor House, Church Street. Part of Burnley’s early post-medieval growth 5. Handloom weavers’ cottages at Burnley Lane Head 6. Detail of the proposed route of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1792 7. St Peter’s Churchyard 8. Early nineteenth-century houses in Engine Street, Hill Top, prior to twentieth-century ‘slum’ clearance 9. View along St James’s Street in 1856 10. Early nineteenth-century cottages at Gannow 11. Sketch of Burnley in 1852, characterised by a plethora of factory chimneys 12. Architect’s drawing of the proposed new market hall in 1867 13. Early to mid-nineteenth-century housing in Croft Street, with probable cellar dwellings, prior to clearance 14. Daneshouse area in 1882, with proposed new building plots indicated 15. Part of Newtown Mill, dating to 1864 16. Midgley Place, an early development of workers’ through