View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography LABELLING MIGRANTS WHO SELL SEX: A CASE STUDY OF BRAZILIANS IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL Julie Lima de Pérez Dissertation submitted in order to obtain the degree of Doctor in Criminological Sciences Promotor Professor Dr. Gert Vermeulen Members of the guidance committee Professor Dr. Conny Rijken Professor Dr. Lieven Pauwels Ghent University, Faculty of Law Academic Year 2014-2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A number of people were invaluable to the development of this thesis. Foremost among them was my supervisor, Professor Gert Vermeulen. Since I first approached him with the idea of pursuing a Doctoral degree at Ghent University in the fall of 2010 he has sought to steer me into the right direction. His knowledge, patience and encouragement were priceless to me during this entire process. I would also like to express my appreciation towards Professors Lieven Pauwels and Conny Rijken, the other members of my thesis supervisory committee. From first to last they have helped shape this dissertation into a coherent and presentable body of scholarship and I am indebted to them for their comments, recommendations and insights. I am also much obliged to all the anonymous reviewers who commented on the core articles of this thesis during their submission for publication process. Their questions, concerns and suggestions vastly improved the work which is presented in this thesis. This thesis could not have been completed without the help of my parents who from first to last were my biggest source of support and encouragement. I would also like to thank all my friends, colleagues, former professors and family members in Brazil and abroad who have followed the ups and downs of this project for the last four years. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 4 SAMENVATTING ...................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER ONE – Introduction ............................................................................................. 13 Background of the thesis ......................................................................................................... 14 On crimmigration ................................................................................................................ 20 Main aims of the research ....................................................................................................... 24 Structure of thesis .................................................................................................................... 27 References ............................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER TWO – Methodology ........................................................................................... 35 Selection of a case study ......................................................................................................... 36 Delimitation of the subject matter ........................................................................................... 39 Mapping of available sources, information gathering and content analysis ........................... 40 Selected ethnographic studies ............................................................................................. 45 Information requests ............................................................................................................ 48 Writing .................................................................................................................................... 51 References ............................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 63 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 63 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 64 Brazil ....................................................................................................................................... 65 Local Legislation and Policies ............................................................................................ 65 Law and policies into practice ............................................................................................. 68 Spain ........................................................................................................................................ 72 Local Legislation and Policies ............................................................................................ 72 Law and policies into practice ............................................................................................. 75 Portugal ................................................................................................................................... 80 Local Legislation and Policies ............................................................................................ 80 Law and policies into practice ............................................................................................. 82 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 86 References ............................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................... 97 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 97 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 98 The need for accurate statistics ............................................................................................. 100 Internal inconsistencies in Brazilian trafficking data ............................................................ 103 Internal inconsistencies in Spanish data regarding Brazilian trafficking victims ................. 113 Internal inconsistencies in Portuguese data regarding Brazilian trafficking victims ............ 118 Cross-comparative inconsistencies regarding Brazilian victims of human trafficking ......... 121 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 125 Resources .............................................................................................................................. 128 CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 135 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 135 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 136 The reality of migrant sex work ............................................................................................ 137 Problems associated with migrant sex work ..................................................................... 138 The problems of addressing all migrants who sell sex as victims of trafficking .............. 142 Brazilian migrants who sell sex in Spain and Portugal ......................................................... 143 A problematic trafficking narrative ................................................................................... 143 2 Problems faced by Brazilian migrants in the Iberian sex industry .................................... 146 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 151 References ............................................................................................................................. 152 CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................ 158 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 158 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 159 The evolution of the “sex trafficking” mythology ................................................................ 159 The use of the term “trafficking victim” as a de facto label of deviance .............................. 162 The construction of the Brazilian victim archetype .............................................................. 163 The evolving trafficking narrative of the Brazilian woman .................................................. 165 Confronting the use of the victim archetype in Brazilian and Iberian narratives .................. 167 Brazil ................................................................................................................................