TurkJZool 30(2006)181-185 ©TÜB‹TAK MassProductionandReleaseof Calosomasycophanta L. (Coleoptera:Carabidae)UsedagainstthePineProcessionaryMoth, Thaumetopoeapityocampa (Schiff.)(Lepidoptera:Thaumetopoeidae), inBiologicalControl MehmetKANAT*,MuhammetÖZBOLAT DepartmentofForestEngineering,FacultyofForestry,KahramanmaraflSütcü‹mamUniversity, 46060Kahramanmarafl-TURKEY Received:19.07.2005 Abstract: ThisstudywasconductedtodeterminethemassproductionofCalosomasycophantaL.underlaboratoryconditions(23 °C,60%-65%RHandaphotoperiodof8:16(L:D)h,85%-90%soilhumidity)between2001and2004inKahramanmarafl.The adultemergenceperiodofC.sycophantastartedon21Februaryandextendeduntil7March(fromsoil).Whentheyemerged,they fedoncaterpillarsofthepineprocessionarymoth.Theegglayingperiodcontinuedfor20-25dayswithahatchingperiod6-13 days,Threelarvalinstarswereobserved.Durationofthefirstinstarswas7-11days,ofthesecondwas8-12days,andofthethird was15-18days.Thepupalstageofthebeetlecontinuedfor9to16days.Duringthisapplicationpupaeshouldbeputintohumi d soil25-30cmdeep.Approximately200-250laboratoryrearedindividualswerereleasedperhectare. KeyWords: Calosomasycophanta,Predator,Thaumetopoeapityocampa,massproduction,Kahramanmarafl ÇamKeseböce¤ineKarfl›BiyolojikMücadeledeKullan›lan Calosomasycophanta L.’n›nKitleÜretimiveAraziyeSal›m› Özet: Buçal›flmaCalosomasycophantaL.’n›nkitleüretimiamac›ylalaboratuarkoflullar›nda(23°C,%60-65nem,fotoperiyod8:16 saat(gece:gündüz),%85-90topraknemi)2001-2004y›llar›aras›ndaKahramanmaraflbölgesindeyürütülmüfltür.C.sycophanta erginlerininbölgedetopraktanç›k›fllar›21fiubat-7Marttarihleriaras›ndad›r.Erginlertopraktanç›kt›klar›ndaçamkeseböce¤ i larvalar›ilebeslenmektedirler.Yumurtab›rakmaperiyodu20-25gün,aç›lmasüresiise6-13günsürmektedir.C.sycophantaüçlarva dönemigeçirmekte,birincilarvadönemi7-11gün,ikincilarvadönemi8-12günüçüncülarvadönemi15-18günpupadönemiise 9-16günsürmektedir.Üretimiyap›lanbireylerpupadöneminde25-30cmderinli¤indekinemlitopra¤ahektara200-250birey b›rak›lmaktad›r. AnahtarSözcükler: Calosomasycophanta,Predator,Thaumetopoeapityocampa,KitleÜretimi,Kahramanmarafl Introduction canalsofeedondifferentspeciesofLepidoptera, Thegroundbeetle, Calosomasycophanta L. particularlythepineprocessionarymoth(PPM), (Coleoptera:Carabidae),wasexportedfromEuropeto Thaumetopoeapityocampa (Schiff.). NorthAmericatouseasanaturalenemyagainstthe Thegroundbeetlehasbeenobservedduringfeeding gypsymoth, Lymantriadispar L.(Lepidoptera: onthePPM,whichisaveryimportantpestofpinetrees. Lymantriidae)(Weselohetal.,1995;Schaferetal., ThePPMfeedsontheneedlesofpinetrees,causing 1999).ThebeetleiswellestablishedintheUnitedStates annualgrowthloss,andeventhedeathoftreesinsome tocontrolthegypsymoth.Thereareseveralstudies cases.Extensivedamagebythispestoccursgenerallyon showingthatthebeetlemaybeausefulnaturalenemy CalabrianpinetreesindifferentpartsofTurkeyevery againstgypsymothoutbreaks(Bess,1961;Campbell, year. 1967;Weseloh,1985;Weselohetal.,1995).Thebeetle *E-mail:[email protected] 181 MassProductionandReleaseof Calosomasycophanta L.(Coleoptera:Carabidae)UsedagainstthePineProcessionaryMoth, Thaumetopoeapityocampa (Schiff.)(Lepidoptera:Thaumetopoeidae),inBiologicalControl PPMisknowntofeedonleavesandbuildlargesilk decreaseintheannualdiameterincrementoftheTurkish nestsonthetopofthetrees.Inaddition,PPMhas Calabrianpinewasonaverage21%(Kanatetal.,2005) urticatinghairs,whichcauseallergiesresultingin Severalcontrolmethods(mechanical,chemicaland conjunctivitis,respiratorycongestionsandasthma biological)havebeenusedagainstthispestinTurkeybut (ZiprkowskiandRoland,1966).ThePPMisoneofthe theproblemhasnotbeensolvedcompletely.Inaddition, mostharmfulinsectthatdefoliates Pinus (i.e. Pinus itwasobservedthatasinglecontrolmethodwas brutia,P.nigra,P.sylvestris,P.pinea,and P.halepensis) insufficienttosuppressthepopulationoutbreakofthe aswellasspecies Cedruslibani growinginTurkey,and PPM.However,biologicalcontrolisprobablythebest hasseriouseconomicimportance(Rive,1966;Lightleand solutionamongthedifferentmethodstocontrolPPM Weiss,1974;Buxton,1983;Markalas,1985;Markalas, populationoutbreaks. 1986;Austraetal.,1987;Markalas,1989;Avtzis, 1998;Çanakçıo¤luandMol,1998;Lyytikainen- NumerouspredatorsofthePPMhavebeenreported saarenmaa,1999;Tiberietal.,1999;Avtzis,2001; previously(i.e. Calosomasycophanta L.(Coleoptera, Babur,2002;Kanatetal.,2002).Inmatureforests, Carabidae), Dermestesundulatus Brahm.(Coleoptera, treesarehardlyeverkilled,butsignificantlossesoccurin Dermestidae), Formicarufa L.(Hymenoptera, volumeandradialgrowth(Laurent-Hervouet,1986).The Formicidae),and Cuculuscanorus L.(Aves,Cuculidae)) PPMoccursinregionsfromsealeveltoanaltitudeof (O¤urlu,2000). 1800m(Avtzis,1998;Çanakçıo¤luandMol,1998)at Oneofthepredatoryinsectsofthispestis C. differentlevelsofpopulationdensityinTurkey. sycophanta,whichhasbeenobservedtofeedonthePPM ThedamagecausedbyPPMhasbeenmostlyobserved extensivelyinCalabrianpineforests(Tosun,1977; on P.brutia inTurkey,whichcomposethemajorityof Ogurlu,2000;Kanat,2002).Thispredatorconsumes forests(withmorethan3x10 6 ha)andaredistributed boththelarvaeandpupaeofthePPM. C.sycophanta as particularlyinthecoastalregionsofTurkey,namelythe apredatormaycontrolthepopulationgrowthand Mediterranean(47%),Marmara(40%)andAegean densityofthePPMinoutbreaks. regions(10%)(SPO,1995;Çanakçıo¤luandMol,1998). C.sycophanta feedson Dasychirapudibunda (L.) Ithasavolumeofmorethan1.61x10 8 m3 andan (Lep.,Lymantriidae), Euproctischrysorrhoea (L.)(Lep., annualvolumeincrementofmorethan5x10 6 m3,4x Lymantriidae), Hyphantriacunea (Drury)(Lep., 106 m3 ofwhichisallowedtobecut(Bektafletal., Arctiidae), Lymantriadispar (L.)(Lep.,Lymantriidae), 2003).ThePPM createdseveredamageinanareaof Lymantriamonacha (L.)(Lep.,Lymantriidae), T. about1.5x10 6 hainTurkey(SPO,1995).Itwas pityocampa (Lep.,Thaumetopoeidae), T.solitaria (Frey.) reportedthatthedamageresultingfromlarvaebeing (Lep.,Thaumetopoeidae),andTortrixviridana (L.)(Lep., nourishedwiththeneedlesof P.brutia and P.nigra Tortricidae)(Çanakçıo¤lu,1993;Çanakçıo¤lu,1995; continuedforabout7or8monthstoagreatextent.The O¤urlu,2000). larvaeatthe4thand5thinstarsconsumealltheleavesof Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretoinvestigatemass theCalabrianpinetrees.Thereby,thedamagedtreeslook productionandreleaseofC.sycophanta L.touseagainst liketheyhavebeenburned(KanatandAlma,2004). thepineprocessionarymoth, T.pityocampa (Schiff.),in Itiswellknownthatdefoliationmayincreasetree biologicalcontrol. stressandtheirsusceptibilitytosecondarypestssuchas barkbeetlesandpineweevils,particularlyinyoungtrees (Çanakçıo¤lu,1993;Selmi,1998;Kanatetal.,2002). MaterialsandMethods OutbreaksofPPMarequiteperiodic,occurringevery5- Thisstudywasconductedunderlaboratoryconditions 7years.Itwasalsoreportedthatlossesintotalshootsof between2001and2004inKahramanmarafl,intheeast P.pinaster were41%-50%inmoderatelydefoliated MediterraneanregionofTurkey.ThelarvaeofPPMand treesand54%-64%incompletelydefoliatedtrees theadultsof C.sycophanta usedinthisstudywere (Markalas,1998).DuetoPPMattackson P.brutia (1-4 collectedfromdifferentpatchesofCalabrianpineforests minheight)inTurkey,ahugelossof68%was distributedthroughouttheKahramanmaraflregionand determinedbyBabur(2002).DuetoPPMdamage,the broughtintothelaboratory. 182 M.KANAT,M.ÖZBOLAT AdultsandlarvaeofC.sycophanta werefedlarvaeof hadtofeedwellonthefourthandfifthinstarsorpupae T.pityocampa, T.solitaria, andEphestiakuehniella and ofthePPMbeforematingandovipositionfor1to1.5 liverinthelaboratory.Beforeuse,theliverswerekeptin weeks.Thisfeedingactivityiswellsynchronizedwiththe therefrigeratoruntiltheybecamefrozen.Thenthey lifestagesofthePPM.Itoccurswhenthelarvaeandearly weregratedtothesizethattheadultsof C.sycophanta pupaeofthePPMareabundant.Afterthisfeeding, couldeat. femaleadultslaidtheireggsintohumidsoil. Duringthisstudy,allresearchmaterialswerekept Thelarvaeof Ephestiakuehniella,givenasfoodto C. underconstantconditions,namely23°C,60%-65%RH sycophanta,wereverysmall.Therefore,theycanescape andaphotoperiodof8:16(L:D)h,85%-90%soil fromthefeedingboxes.Neitherlarvaenoradultsof C. humidity.AdultsofC.sycophanta werecollectedinMarch sycophanta wereabletofeedon E.kuehniella. Theliver everyyear.Twentyadultswereplacedinaplasticcrisper stucktothelegsofC.sycophanta adults,whichprevented (14x32x12cm)with1PPMsilkynest.Predatory theirmovement.Italsoadheredtothebodyoflarvae, beetlecollectionwasperformedparticularlyinKapıçam, whichresultedintheirdeath. Thelarvaeof T.solitaria PınarbaflıandHartlapnearKahramanmarafl. weresuitableforfeeding becauseoftheirgoodsizeand Thebeetlesbroughtfromthefieldswereplacedin beingnon-allergic.ThelarvaeofT.pityocampa werealso rectangular(14x22x8cm)orroundplasticboxes(17 goodforlaboratoryfeedingof C.sycophanta,butthey x15cmand19x13cm)inthelaboratory.Before causedanextremeallergicreactioninhumans.Therefore, placementofthebeetles,partlysterilizedsoil(at 100°C protectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforeusingPPM. for10hinanautoclave)wasputintotheboxes(height Theegglayingperiodcontinueduntilthemiddleof 3-5cm). April,dependingonthequalityoffeeding.Iftheywere DepositedeggsofC.sycophanta werecollecteddaily. notabletofindhumidsoilthentheylefttheeggsonthe TheeggsandnewlyhatchedlarvaeofC.sycophanta were surfaceofdriedsoil.Ifthehumiditywasnotoptimum placedinplasticcups(5x3cm).Severalholes(5-6)were thentheeggswerecrystallized.Foreggdeposition, madeinthelidofeachcuptoprovideair.Tomaintainthe humidsoilisnecessary;otherwiseeggslosetheirviability humidityoftheeggs,theywerecoveredwithsoil. indryorwetsoilconditions.Therateofhatchinglarva Everydaynewlyhatched C.sycophanta larvaewere fromeggsisabout85%. transferredintoplasticboxescontainingmoistsoil.One