GW170817: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational- Wave Background from Compact Binary Coalescences The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Abbott, B.P. et al. “GW170817: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Compact Binary Coalescences.” Physical Review Letters 120, 9 (February 2018): 091101 © 2018 American Physical Society As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PHYSREVLETT.120.091101 Publisher American Physical Society (APS) Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117650 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 120, 091101 (2018) Editors' Suggestion GW170817: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Compact Binary Coalescences B. P. Abbott et al.* (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (Received 16 October 2017; revised manuscript received 16 January 2018; published 28 February 2018) The LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations have announced the event GW170817, the first detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of two neutron stars. The merger rate of binary neutron stars estimated from this event suggests that distant, unresolvable binary neutron stars create a significant astrophysical stochastic gravitational-wave background. The binary neutron star component will add to the contribution from binary black holes, increasing the amplitude of the total astrophysical background relative to previous expectations. In the Advanced LIGO-Virgo frequency band most sensitive to stochastic backgrounds (near 25 Hz), we predict a total astrophysical background with amplitude Ω ðf ¼25 Þ¼1 8þ2.7 10−9 Ω ðf ¼25 Þ¼1 1þ1.2 10−9 GW Hz . −1.3 × with 90% confidence, compared with GW Hz . −0.7 × from binary black holes alone. Assuming the most probable rate for compact binary mergers, we find that the total background may be detectable with a signal-to-noise-ratio of 3 after 40 months of total observation time, based on the expected timeline for Advanced LIGO and Virgo to reach their design sensitivity. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.091101 Introduction.—On 17 August 2017, the Laser components of GW150914 [20]. These calculations were Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) updated at the end of the first Advanced LIGO observing [1] Scientific and Virgo [2] Collaborations detected a run (O1) [21] to take into account the two other black hole new gravitational-wave source: the coalescence of two merger events observed during the run: GW151226, a high- neutron stars [3]. This event, GW170817, comes almost confidence detection, and LVT151012, an event of lower two years after GW150914, the first direct detection of significance. The results indicated that the background gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes [4]. from black hole mergers would likely be detectable In total, six high confidence events detections and one sub- by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo after a few threshold candidate from binary black hole merger events years of their operation at design sensitivity. In the most have been reported: GW150914 [4], GW151226 [5], optimistic case, a detection is possible even before instru- LVT151012 [6], GW170104 [7], GW170608 [8], and mental design sensitivity is reached. GW170814 [9]. The last of these events was reported as In this Letter, we calculate the contribution to the a three-detector observation by the two Advanced LIGO background from a binary neutron star (BNS) population detectors located in Hanford, Washington, and Livingston, using the measured BNS merger rate derived from Louisiana, in the United States and the Advanced Virgo GW170817 [3]. We also update the previous predictions detector, located in Cascina, Italy. of the stochastic background from BBH mergers taking In addition to loud and nearby events that are detectable as into account the most recent published statements about the individual sources, there is also a population of unresolved rate of events [7]. We find the contributions to the back- events at greater distances. The superposition of these ground from BBH and BNS mergers to be of similar sources will contribute an astrophysical stochastic back- magnitude. As a consequence, an astrophysical background ground, which is discernible from detector noise by cross- (including contributions from BNS and BBH mergers) may correlating the data streams from two or more detectors be detected earlier than previously anticipated. [10,11]. For a survey of the expected signature of astro- Background from compact binary mergers.—The physical backgrounds, see [12–18]. See also [19] for a recent energy-density spectrum of a gravitational wave back- review of data analysis tools for stochastic backgrounds. ground can be described by the dimensionless quantity Following the first detection of gravitational waves from f dρ GW150914, the LIGO and Virgo Collaborations calculated Ω ðfÞ¼ GW ; ð Þ GW 1 the expected stochastic background from a binary black ρc df hole (BBH) population with similar masses to the which represents the fractional contribution of gravitational waves to the critical energy density of the Universe [10]. * dρ f Full author list given at the end of the article. Here GW is the energy density in the frequency interval 0031-9007=18=120(9)=091101(12) 091101-1 © 2018 American Physical Society PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 120, 091101 (2018) 2 2 to f þ df, ρc ¼ 3H0c /ð8πGÞ is the critical energy model of [26], which produces very similar results as density of the Universe, and the Hubble parameter H0 ¼ compared to the model described by [27]. We assume a −1 −1 pðt Þ ∝ 1 t t <t <t 67.9 Æ 0.55 km s Mpc is taken from Planck [22]. time delay distribution d / d, for min d max. t In order to model the background from all the binary Here min is the minimum delay time between the binary t ¼ 20 mergers in the Universe, we follow a similar approach formation and merger. We assume min Myr [28]. The t – to [20]. A population of binary merger events may be maximum time delay max is set to the Hubble time [29 37]. characterized by a set of average source parameters θ (such We also need to consider the distribution of the component Ω as component masses or spins). If such a population merges masses to calculate GW. We assume that each mass is 2 M at a rate Rmðz; θÞ per unit comoving volume per unit source drawn from uniform distribution ranging from 1 to ⊙. time at a given redshift z, then the total gravitational-wave The value of Rm at z ¼ 0 is normalized to the median energy density spectrum from all the sources is given by BNS merger rate implied by GW170817, which is þ3200 −3 −1 (see, e.g. [12,20]) 1540−1220 Gpc yr [3]. This rate is slightly higher than Z the realistic BNS merger rate predictions of [38], and those f z R ðz; θÞdE ðf ; θÞ df Ω ðf; θÞ¼ max dz m GW s / s : adopted in previous studies (e.g. [12,14]), but is consistent GW ρcH0 0 ð1 þ zÞEðΩM; ΩΛ;zÞ with optimistic predictions. ð Þ The calculation of the BBH background is similar, with 2 t ¼ 50 the following differences. We assume min Myr for dE ðf ; θÞ df the minimum time delay [20,37]. Massive black holes are Here GW s / s is the energy spectrum emitted by a single source evaluated in terms of the source formed preferentially in low-metallicity environments. For binary systems with at least one black hole more frequency fs ¼ð1 þ zÞf. The function EðΩM; ΩΛ;zÞ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi massive than 30 M⊙, we therefore reweight the star Ω ð1 þ zÞ3 þ Ω M Λ accounts for the dependence of formation rate RfðzÞ by the fraction of stars with metal- comoving volume on redshift assuming the best-fit cos- licities Z ≤ Z⊙/2. Following [20], we adopt the mean Ω ¼ 1 − Ω ¼ 0 3065 mology from Planck [22], where M Λ . metallicity-redshift relation of [27], with appropriate z ¼ 10 We choose to cut off the redshift integral at max . scalings to account for local observations [26,39].Fora Redshifts larger than z ¼ 5 contribute little to the integral consistent computation, a mass distribution needs to be −1 because of the ½ð1 þ zÞEðzÞ factor in Eq. (2), as well as specified. We use a power-law distribution of the primary −2.35 the small number of stars formed at such high redshift; see, (i.e., larger mass) component pðm1Þ ∝ m and a uni- – 1 for example, [12 18,23]. form distribution of the secondary [6,7].Inaddition,we dE df The energy spectrum GW/ s is determined from the require that the component masses take values in the range strain waveform of the binary system. The dominant 5–95 M⊙ with m1 þ m2 < 100 M⊙ and m2 <m1,in contribution to the background comes from the inspiral agreement with the observations of BBHs to date [7]. 5/3 −1/3 phase of the binary merger, for which dE/dfs ∝Mc f , For the rate of BBH mergers, we use the most recent M ¼ðm m Þ3/5 ðm þ m Þ1/5 where c 1 2 / 1 2 is the chirp mass for published result associated with the power-law mass m m þ110 −3 −1 a binary system with component masses 1 and 2. In the distribution 103−63 Gpc yr [7,40].Asshownin BNS case we only consider the inspiral phase, since [21], using a flat-log mass distribution instead of the neutron stars merge at ∼2 kHz, well above the sensitive Ω ðfÞ power-law only affects GW at frequencies above band of stochastic searches.