International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry Volume 7, Issue 2, 2020, PP 40-53 ISSN 2394-5907 (Print) & ISSN 2394-5915 (Online) Distribution and Management of Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Musacearum) of Enset (Ensete Ventricosum) in Ethiopia: a Review Misganaw Aytenfsu1* and Befekadu Haile2 1Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Horticulture, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia 2Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Plant Science, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: Misganaw Aytenfsu, Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Horticulture, Mizan-Tepi, Ethiopia ABSTRACT Enset has high significance in the day to day life of more than 20 million of Ethiopian’s as a food source, fiber, animal forage, construction materials, and medicines. However, enset production in the country has been severely affected by bacterial wilt disease of enset (BWE). This review was carried out to investigate the spatial distribution and management options for bacterial wilt of enset, and identify gaps to guide future research. The diseases is widely distributed in major enset growing regions of the country and found to the crop at all developmental stages and lead to losses of up to 100% under severe damage. Currently, over 80% of enset farms are infected by BWE and no enset clone completely resistant to bacterial wilt has been reported. The distribution of the disease varied greatly with altitude having higher disease pressure at higher altitude range than the low altitude. Participatory based integrated disease management (IDM) through collective action approach is reported as a viable option for the successful and sustainable control of BWE. However, different resistant breeding research should be conducted to identify the appropriate resistant gene and to develop resistant clones as other management options. Keywords: Bacterial Wilt, Distribution, Enset, Management, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Musacearum. INTRODUCTION Oromia including West Shewa, Jimma, Iluba bora and Welega (Brandt, et al., 1997; Genene Enset [Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman] and Firew, 2016). It is estimated that more than belongs to the family Musaceae and the genus 20 million of Ethiopia’s population depends on Ensete. It is monocarpic, herbaceous plant and enset as the staple and co-staple food source, for little researched food crop cultivated only in fiber, animal forage, construction materials and Ethiopia. The plant is a drought-tolerant and medicines (Zerihun et al., 2013). According to multipurpose crop of which all parts are utilized CSA (2017), about 123,479,334.00 of enset trees for different purposes. According to Brandt et al. were harvested in the 2016/17 agricultural season (1997), domesticated enset is planted at altitudes from all over the country and a total production of ranging from 1200 to 3,100 m.a.s.l. Most enset- 2,800,977.87 tonnes, 3,162,563.18 tonnes, 1, growing areas receive an annual rainfall of 10,060.62 tonnes in the form of Amicho, Kocho and about 1,100 to 1,500 millimeters. The average Bula were obtained, respectively. The average yield temperature of enset growing areas is between of Amicho, ‘Kocho’ and Bula per plant is 23, 26 10 and 21 ℃, and the relative humidity ranges and 1 kg, respectively. In the 2017/18 agricultural from 63 to 80%; while the wild enset is distributed season, about 2,930, 763.50 tonnes, 3,478, 294.49 at an elevation of 1,200 to 1,600 m.a.s.l in Ethiopia tonnes, and 101, 782.16 tonnes of Amicho, Kocho (Brandt et al., 1997). and Bula were obtained, respectively from a total of 127, 235,588.00 enset trees harvested (CSA, The cultivation of enset is concentrated in the 2018). southern and southwestern parts of Ethiopia. It is widely adapted to a range of altitudes, soils, Enset has high significance in day to day life of climates and cultivated in the mid to highlands the peasant households cultivating this crop as a of western Arsi, Bale, SNNPRS and western staple food. According to Brandt et al. (1997) enset International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry V7● I4● 2020 40 Distribution and Management of Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Musacearum) of Enset (Ensete Ventricosum) in Ethiopia: a Review is used as food, cloth, house, bed, cattle’s feed most important constraint to enset production. and plate for peasants. The edible parts of the Enset bacterial wilt was first reported in 1968 by plant are the underground stem (corm) and Dagnachew and Bradbury in Ethiopia and is pseudostem, which are pulverized and fermented currently found in all the enset growing regions into a starch-rich product called kocho. Enset fiber and on wild enset plants (Brandt et al., 1997). accounts for more than 30% of Ethiopian fiber Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize the most production (Abrham et al., 2012). frequently reported enset production constraints Although the economic importance of enset is and their proportional ranks in the southern part of great, its production is affected by several factors, Ethiopia. Corm rot, porcupine, BWE and Leaf including biotic and abiotic agents, such as hoper constitute the most important constraints. diseases, insect pests, weeds, wild animals and soil Farmers also ranked the first most important enset nutrient depletion, which contribute to low yield production constraints in their locality from the and low quality of enset produced. Enset diseases abovementioned constraints. A large proportion of are caused by several bacteria, fungi, viruses, and sample respondents ranked BWE (40.5%) first nematodes. Among these, BWE, caused by followed by a porcupine (27.4%) and corm rot Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum is the (14.3%) (Figure 1) (McKnight-CCRP, 2013). Table1. Frequently reported enset production constraints (McKnight-CCRP, 2013) Major constraints Zone in enset production Silti Gurage Kembata Sidamo Dawro Gedeo Wolayta Total BWE 32.1 19.4 14.3 66.7 84.4 93.1 90.9 42.3 Enset root millibug 7.1 5.6 49.3 60.0 40.6 56.8 22.7 21.4 Leaf hoper 3.6 2.8 0.0 13.3 37.9 36.4 22.7 11.3 Mole rat 21.4 25.0 7.1 60.0 50.0 4.6 4.5 30.4 Porcupine 25.0 86.1 42.9 63.3 43.8 0.0 0.0 51.2 Swine 0.0 0.0 4.8 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 Corm rot 42.9 83.3 28.6 36.7 78.1 54.4 45.5 54.2 Drought 0.0 8.3 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 Figure1. Proportion of sample respondents who ranked enset production constraints first (McKnight-CCRP, 2013) The disease is widely distributed in many enset except some cultural control measures which growing regions of the country and affects the include collective action campaign by farmers. On crop at all developmental stages (Mekuria, 2013; the contrary, the farmers are not familiar with the Mc Knight-CCRP, 2013; Mengistu et al., disease symptoms which are sometimes 2014; Desalegn and Addis, 2015; Fikre, 2017; complicated with stress symptoms on plants Ambachew et al., 2018). The results obtained (Genene and Firew, 2016). A recent study from recent bacterial wilt disease assessment made indicated that about 80% of enset farms are in some enset fields in SNNPR showed losses of infected by BWE. Loss of a single enset plant in a up to 100% under severe damage (Genene and family would mean loss of one man’s a day feed. Firew, 2016). Natural epidemics of the disease Various preventive and curative management were also observed in banana fields. Even options include applying cultural practices and though the disease is widely distributed and these measures help in reducing the inoculums important, there is no intensive work which has load of the pathogen. The use of resistant/ been done on the eradication of the disease tolerant/ enset clones is one of the best approaches 41 International Journal of Research in Agriculture and ForestryV7● I4●2020 Distribution and Management of Bacterial Wilt (Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Musacearum) of Enset (Ensete Ventricosum) in Ethiopia: a Review in the management of BWE, cheaper to farmers all varieties of commonly grown banana cultivars and safer to environments (Fikre and Gizachew, and enset clones (Tripathi et al., 2007; Gizachew et 2007). This review was carried out to investigate al., 2008). Aritua et al. (2007) reported that Xcm the spatial distribution and management options for may have the potential to infect maize, sugarcane, bacterial wilt of enset and identify gaps to and sorghum; therefore, these plants may act as considered in the future research directions. alternative hosts and reservoirs for infection. ENSET BACTERIAL WILT Artificial inoculation of maize also developed symptoms of Xcm Cannaceae, Costaceae, Enset bacterial wilt caused by Xanthomonas Heliconiaceae, Marantaceae, Strelitziaceae, and campestris pv. Musacearum is the historical Zingiberaceae are considered as host plants for constraint of enset production in Ethiopia, the pathogen and could be possible sources of although other biotic, as well as abiotic factors, inocula for the pathogen (Karamura et al., 2008). compromise productivity. The disease was first Pathogenicity tests were carried out to determine reported about 52 years ago in Ethiopia on Ensete, the possible host range of the pathogenic Xcm and which is closely related to banana (Yirgou et al., the reaction of various plant species, namely 1968). BWE has threatened banana production in the Great Lakes region of East Africa including cultivated enset, wild enset, Canna species and Burundi, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of cereal crops (maize, sorghum, and finger millet) Congo, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania (Kalyebara and revealed that there are also other potential et al., 2007).