© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PART 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe BasicsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CHAPTER© 1 Jones Introduction & Bartlett to Climatology Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT MeteorologyFOR SALE and Climatology OR DISTRIBUTION Scales in Climatology Subfields of Climatology Climatic Records and Statistics Summary © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCKey Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONReview Questions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Questions for Thought CHAPTER 2 Atmospheric Structure and Composition © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Origin of the Earth© Jonesand Atmosphere & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Atmospheric CompositionNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Faint Young Sun Paradox Atmospheric Structure Summary Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Review Questions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT QuestionsFOR SALEfor Thought OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Desert: © Denis Burdin/Shutterstock;NOT Supercell: FOR © Minerva SALE Studio/Shutterstock; OR City: ©DISTRIBUTION Mrs_ya/Shutterstock. 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 9781284126563_CH01.indd 1 12/04/17 12:23 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 9781284126563_CH01.indd 2 12/04/17 12:23 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC IntroductionNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to ClimatologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER AT A GLANCE ■ Meteorology and Climatology ■ Scales in Climatology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■ Subfields of Climatology NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■ Climatic Records and Statistics ■ Summary ■ Key Terms ■ Review Questions © Jones■ Questions & Bartlett for Thought Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION limatology may be described as the scientic part of the system that is covered by liquid water is study of the behavior of the atmosphere— termed the hydrosphere; it is considered by those in © Jones & Bartlettthe Learning, thin gaseous LLC layer surrounding Earth’s© Jones the & elds Bartlett of oceanography, Learning, hydrology, LLC and limnology Csurface—integrated over time. Although this denition (the study of lakes). e region comprising frozen NOT FOR SALEis certainly OR DISTRIBUTION acceptable, it fails to capture fully the scopeNOT FORwater SALE in all OR its formsDISTRIBUTION (glaciers, sea ice, surface and of climatology. Climatology is a holistic science that subsurface ice, and snow) is known as the cryosphere incorporates data, ideas, and theories from all parts of and is studied by those specializing in glaciology, as the Earth–ocean–atmosphere system, including those well as specialized physical geographers, geologists, inuenced by humans,© Jones into & an Bartlett integrated Learning, whole to LLCand oceanographers. e© biosphere,Jones & whichBartlett crosscuts Learning, LLC explain atmosphericNOT properties. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe lithosphere, hydrosphere,NOT FORcryosphere, SALE and OR atmo DISTRIBUTION- e Earth–ocean–atmosphere system may be di- sphere, includes the zone containing all life forms vided into a number of zones, with each traditionally on the planet, including humans. e biosphere is studied by a separate scientic discipline. e part examined by specialists in the wide array of life sci- of© theJones solid &Earth Bartlett nearest Learning, to the surface LLC (to a depth ences, ©along Jones with & physical Bartlett geographers, Learning, geologists, LLC of perhaps 100 km) is called the lithosphere and is and other environmental scientists. studiedNOT FOR by geologists, SALE geophysicists,OR DISTRIBUTION geomorphologists, eNOT atmosphere FOR SALE is the OR component DISTRIBUTION of the sys- soil scientists, vulcanologists, and other practitioners tem studied by climatologists and meteorologists. of the environmental and agricultural sciences. e Holistic interactions between the atmosphere and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE© Shaiith/Shutterstock. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 9781284126563_CH01.indd 3 12/04/17 12:24 PM 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to Climatology © Jones TABLE& Bartlett 1.1 Examples Learning, of Interactions LLC Between the Atmosphere© Jones and the &Other Bartlett “Spheres” Learning, and Impacts LLCon Thermal NOT FORReceipt/Climate SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sphere Interacting with Atmosphere Example of a Potential Impact © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Lithosphere NOT FORLarge SALE volcanic OR eruptions DISTRIBUTION can create a dust and soot cloud thatNOT can reduce FOR the SALE receipt OR DISTRIBUTION of solar radiation, cooling the global atmosphere for months or years. Hydrosphere Changes in ocean circulation can cause global atmospheric circulation shifts that produce warming in some regions and cooling in others. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CryosphereNOT FOR SALE OR MeltingDISTRIBUTION of polar ice caps can cause extra heatingNOT at FORthe surface SALE where OR ice DISTRIBUTION was located because bare ground refl ects less of the solar energy incident upon the surface than ice. Biosphere Deforestation increases the amount of solar energy received at the surface and alters © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCatmospheric chemistry by© returning Jones carbon & Bartlett dioxide stored Learning, in living plantLLC matter to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe atmosphere. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION each combination of the “spheres” are important ▸ TABLE 1.1 Meteorology and Climatology contributors to the climate© Jones ( & Bartlett), at scales Learning, from LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC local to planetary. us, climatologists must draw on e two atmospheric sciences, meteorology and cli- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION knowledge generated in several natural and some- matology, are inherently linked. Meteorology is the times social scienti c disciplines to understand the study of weather—the overall instantaneous condition processes at work in the atmosphere. Because of its of the atmosphere at a certain place and time. Weather holistic nature of atmospheric properties over time is described through the direct measurement of par- and space,© Jones climatology & Bartlett naturally Learning, falls into the LLC broader ticular atmospheric© Jones properties & Bartlett such Learning,as temperature, LLC disciplineNOT of FORgeography. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION precipitation,NOT humidity, FOR wind SALE direction, OR DISTRIBUTION wind speed, Over the course of this book we shall see that these cloud cover, and cloud type. e term “weather” refers processes can be complex. e e ects of some of these to tangible aspects of the atmosphere. A quick look or interactions cascade up from local to planetary scales, walk outside may be all that is needed to describe the and the e ects of others tend to cascade down the weather of your location. Of course, these observations © Jonesvarious & Bartlett scales to Learning, ultimately aLLC