This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ SAFETY SERIES No. 8 The Use of Film Badges for Personnel Monitoring INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1962 This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ THE USE OF FILM BADGES FOR PERSONNEL MONITORING This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN ISRAEL ALBANIA ITALY ARGENTINA JAPAN AUSTRALIA REPUBLIC OF KOREA AUSTRIA LEBANON BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG BRAZIL MALI BULGARIA MEXICO BURMA MONACO BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET MOROCCO SOCIALIST REPUBLIC NETHERLANDS CAMBODIA NEW ZEALAND CANADA NICARAGUA CEYLON NORWAY CHILE PAKISTAN CHINA PARAGUAY COLOMBIA PERU CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE) PHILIPPINES CUBA POLAND CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST PORTUGAL REPUBLIC ROMANIA DENMARK SENEGAL DOMINICAN REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA ECUADOR SPAIN EL SALVADOR SUDAN ETHIOPIA SWEDEN FINLAND SWITZERLAND FRANCE THAILAND FEDERAL REPUBLIC TUNISIA OF GERMANY TURKEY GHANA UKRAINIAN SOVIET GREECE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC GUATEMALA UNION OF SOVIET HAITI SOCIALIST REPUBLICS HOLY SEE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC HONDURAS UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT HUNGARY BRITAIN AND NORTHERN ICELAND IRELAND INDIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA INDONESIA VENEZUELA IRAN VIET-NAM IRAQ YUGOSLAVIA The Agency’s Statute was approved on 26 October 1956 at an international conference held at United Nations headquarters, New York, and the Agency came into being when the Statute entered into force on 29 July 1957. The first session of the General Conference was held in Vienna, Austria, the permanent seat of the Agency, in October, 1957. The main objective of the Agency is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribu­ tion of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world” . © IAEA, 1962 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Kamtner Ring 11, Vienna I. Printed in Austria by Paul Gerin, Vienna May 1962 This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ SAFETY SERIES No. 8 THE USE OF FILM BADGES FOR PERSONNEL MONITORING by D r. M a r g a r e t e E h r l ic h INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA 1962 This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ THIS MANUAL IS ALSO PUBLISHED IN FRENCH, RUSSIAN AND SPANISH THE USE OF FILM BADGES FOR PERSONNEL MONITORING, IAEA, VIENNA, 1962 STI/PUB/43 This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ FOREWORD Previous Manuals in the Agency’s “Safety Series” (particularly Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4) have made or quoted various recommendations regarding the use of photographic film in personnel monitoring. The present Manual offers a much more exhaustive review of the subject for use as a guide to the implementation of those recommendations. Dr. Margarete Ehilich, of the United States National Bureau of Standards, wrote the Manual as a consultant to the Agency. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this Manual. Like the earlier publications in the “Safety Series”, this Manual will appeal primarily to persons working with radionuclides, whether natural or artificial. However, the principles of photographic personnel monitoring apply to any kind of ionizing radiation, regardless of its source, and are applicable by users of X-ray machines, neutron generators or particle accelerators. The Manual contains a large number of references to the literature, including relevant national and international recommendations. Since such a large amount of literature is already available, the material has been handled selectively with a view to including mainly information not pre­ viously collected in a form suitable for the present purpose. SIGVARD EKLUND May 1962 Director General This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ CONTENTS -Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ............................ ............................................... 9 C hapter 2. THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS, A REVIEW OF TERMS AND C O N C E P T S .................................................................................. 11 2.1 Photographic F i lm ......................................................................... 11 2.2 Latent I m a g e .................................................................................. 11 2.3 Latent-Image Fading ................................................................ 12 2.4 Photographic Processing,................................................................ 12 2.5 Reciprocity Failure.......................... .. ...................................... 12 2.6 Optical Transmission Density .............................................. 13 2.7 Characteristic (or Hurter and Driffield) C u r v e .................... 13 ' 2.8 Photographic Sensitivity..................................... .....................14 2.8.1 Energy-Dependence of Photographic Sensitivity for Charged Particles........................................................ 14 2.8.2 Energy-Dependence of Photographic Sensitivity for Photons and Uncharged Particles .................... 15 Chapter 3. APPLICATION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE TO PERSONNEL MONITORING ...................................... .. 16 3.1 Quantity to be Measured ........................................ .. 16 3.2 Calibration of Photographic Film or Film Badge . 16 3.3 The Film Holder .. .. ........................................................ 18 3.3.1 X- and Gamma-Radiation............................................... 18 3.3.2 Beta-Radiation, Monoenergetic Electrons . 20 3.3.3 Mixtures of X - or Gamma-Rays and Beta-Rays .. 20 3.3.4 Neutrons ..........................................................................21 3.3.5 Neutrons in Mixed Radiation Fields .................... 22 3.4 Choice of Emulsions (F ilm s)....................................................... 23 3.5 Identifying the Film and the H o ld e r ..................................... 24 3.6 Avoiding the Influence of Latent-Image Changes . 24 3.6.1 Humidity-Proofing ........................... .............................24 3.6.2 Precautions in Storage and Shipping .................... 25 3.7 Processing........................................................................................... 26 Chapter 4. REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTING UP A PHOTOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL-MONITORING SERVICE ...................................... 28 4.1 Space Requirements ................................................................28 4.2 Equipment Requirements ....................................................... 29 4.2.1 General-Operations A r e a ...............................................29 Films and Film Holders ...................................... 29 o Refrigerator .................................................................. 30 Percussion Press .. .. ...................................... 30 Densitometer ............................. ............................. 30 Microscope .................................................................31 Record Storage.................................................................31 This publication is not longer valid Please see http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ 4.2.2 The Calibration A r e a ......................................................32 X - and Gamma-Rays from around 30 keV to 1 MeV and a b o v e ........................................................32 Beta-Radiation (Electrons) ......................................35 N e u tr o n s ......................................................................... 36 4.2.3 The Darkroom ...............................................................37 Location and Design ...............................................37 Film-Processing Holders ......................................37 Film-Processing T a n k s ...............................................37 Temperature Control ...............................................38 Processing Chemicals ............................. .. 38 Film Dryer ................................................................. 38 4.3 Manpower Requirements .........................................................39 C hapter 5. EXAMPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL- MONITORING PROCEDURE .........................................................40 5.1 Class 1 - a ............................................................................41 5.1.1 First Example ............................................................... 41 5.1.2 Second E xam ple............................................................... 43 5.1.3 Third Example ............................................................... 46 5.2 Class 1 - b ............................................................................46 5.2.1 First Example ............................................................... 46 5.2.2 Second E xam ple............................................................... 48 5.3 Class 1 - c ............................................................................53 5.3.1 Example ........................................................................ 53 5.4 Class 2 - a .... ................................................................. 56 5.4.1 Example .......................................................................