Golden-winged Warbler Status Review and Conservation Plan Golden-winged Warbler Status Review and Conservation Plan Editors: Amber M. Roth, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Tom Will, S. Barker Swarthout, and David A. Buehler Front cover art by: Bartels Science Illustrator Caitlin Turner Chapter 1: Golden-winged Warbler Status Review Chapter 2: Golden-winged Warbler Full Life Cycle Conservation Strategy Chapter 3: Golden-winged Warbler Breeding Season Conservation Plan Chapter 4: Golden-winged Warbler Non-breeding Season Conservation Plan Photo by Roger Erikkson (see pdf at gwwa.org) RECOMMENDED CITATION Roth, A.M., R.W. Rohrbaugh, T. Will, S. Barker Swarthout, and D.A. Buehler, editors. 2019. Golden-winged Warbler Status Review and Conservation Plan. 2nd Edition. www.gwwa.org ii Golden-winged Warbler Status Review and Conservation Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Recommended Citation .............................................................................................ii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................vi Preface .......................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ..............................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1. AUTHORS: ......................................................................................................1–1 RECOMMENDED CITATION ....................................................................................1–1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. .1–2 CHAPTER 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................1–3 CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY ..........................................................................................1–5 GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER: A SONGBIRD IN TROUBLE ......................................................1–6 Taxonomy and Identification ..............................................................................1–7 Legal Status in the United States ...........................................................................1–8 Legal Status in Canada ....................................................................................1–9 BREEDING SEASON DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................1–9 Historic Distribution .....................................................................................1–9 Recent Changes ..........................................................................................1–9 Current Distribution ..................................................................................... 1–11 POPULATION STATUS AND TRENDS ...........................................................................1–12 Tracking Population Change: Data Sources ................................................................1–12 Estimating Population Size ...............................................................................1–12 Population Trends and Probability of Population Persistence ...............................................1–12 BREEDING SEASON HABITAT. 1–14 Nesting Habitat .........................................................................................1–15 Patch Size and Landscape Considerations .................................................................1–17 BREEDING SEASON BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY ................................................................1–17 Territoriality ............................................................................................1–17 Reproduction ...........................................................................................1–18 Dispersal ................................................................................................1–19 BEHAVIORAL AND GENETIC INTERACTIONS WITH BLUE-WINGED WARBLER ..............................1–20 Interspecific Aggression and Territoriality ................................................................1–20 Hybridization with Blue-winged Warbler .................................................................1–20 Habitat Segregation between Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warbler. 1–22 NON-BREEDING SEASON ECOLOGY ...........................................................................1–23 Migration ...............................................................................................1–23 Distribution and Habitat use Segregation between Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warbler .................1–24 Non-breeding Foraging and Social Behavior ...............................................................1–26 FULL LIFE CYCLE POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY ..............................................................1–26 POPULATION THREATS .......................................................................................1–27 Past, Present, and Projected Future Breeding Season Habitat ...............................................1–27 Public and Private Forested Land Policy ...................................................................1–30 Interactions with Blue-winged Warbler ...................................................................1–30 Brood Parasitism ........................................................................................1–31 Disease and Predation ...................................................................................1–31 Overutilization ..........................................................................................1–32 Climate Change .........................................................................................1–32 Migratory Obstacles .....................................................................................1–32 Non-breeding Season Habitat Loss .......................................................................1–33 REGIONAL, STATE, AND PROVINCIAL SUMMARIES ...........................................................1–34 USFWS Midwest Region 3 Summary ......................................................................1–35 Minnesota ......................................................................................1–37 Wisconsin ...................................................................................... 1–40 Michigan .......................................................................................1–42 Iowa. .1–43 Missouri ....................................................................................... 1–44 Golden-winged Warbler Status Review and Conservation Plan iii Illinois. 1–44 Indiana ........................................................................................ 1–44 Ohio. .1–45 USFWS Northeast Region 5 Summary .....................................................................1–46 New York .......................................................................................1–47 Vermont ........................................................................................1–49 New Hampshire .................................................................................1–50 Massachusetts ...................................................................................1–51 Connecticut .....................................................................................1–52 CHAPTER 2. AUTHORS: ......................................................................................................2–1 RECOMMENDED CITATION ....................................................................................2–1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 2–2 CHAPTER 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. 2–3 CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY ........................................................................................2–4 CONSERVATION STRATEGY ................................................................................... 2–5 Canadian Recovery Strategy .............................................................................. 2–8 Associated Species and Plans ............................................................................. 2–9 CONSERVATION ACTIONS .....................................................................................2–12 Goal 1: Understand the full lifecycle of the Golden-winged Warbler to identify factors most likely limiting regional and global populations. ..................................................................................2–12 Goal 2: Reduce threats to Golden-winged Warbler populations during the breeding stationary period. .........2–13 MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES ...........................................................2–13 INFORMATION NEEDS ........................................................................................2–14 COMMUNICATIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING ...............................................................2–15 Goal 3: Reduce threats to Golden-winged Warbler populations during the migratory and non-breeding stationary periods. .................................................................................................2–16 MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES ...........................................................2–16 INFORMATION NEEDS ........................................................................................2–16 COMMUNICATIONS AND CAPACITY BUILDING ...............................................................2–17 CHAPTER 3. RECOMMENDED CITATION ....................................................................................3–2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. .3–2 CHAPTER 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................3–3