Space Radiation Effects on Electronics: Simple Concepts and New Challenges Kenneth A. LaBel [email protected] Co-Manager, NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program Group Leader, Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG), NASA/GSFC Project Technologist, Living With a Star (LWS) Space Environment Testbeds (SET) Outline • The Space Radiation Environment • The Effects on Electronics • The Environment in Action • NASA Approaches to Commercial Electronics – The Mission Mix – Flight Projects – Proactive Research • Final Thoughts Atomic Interactions – Direct Ionization Interaction with Nucleus – Indirect Ionization http://www.stsci.edu/hst/nicmos/performance/anomalies/bigcr.html – Nucleus is Displaced 2 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 The Space Radiation Environment STARFISH detonation – Nuclear attacks are not considered in this presentation Space Environments and Related Effects Micro- Plasma Particle Neutral Ultraviolet meteoroids & radiation gas particles & X-ray orbital debris Ionizing & Single Surface Charging Drag Impacts Non-Ionizing Event Erosion Dose Effects •Biasing of •Degradation •Data •Torques •Degradation •Structural instrument of micro- corruption •Orbital of thermal, damage • electrical, readings electronics •Noise on decay •Decompression optical •Degradation Images •Pulsing properties of optical •System •Power •Degradation components shutdowns drains of structural •Degradation •Physical •Circuit integrity of solar cells damage damage after Barth Space Radiation Effects 4 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 Space Radiation Environment Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) IC after Nikkei Science, Inc. M of Japan, by K. Endo A Solar Protons & N HeaviYer Ions D Trapped Particles Protons, Electrons, Heavy Ions Deep-space missions may also see: neutrons from background or radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) or other nuclear source Atmosphere and terrestrial may see GCR and secondaries 5 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 Sunspot Cycle: An Indicator of the Solar Cycle after Lund Observatory 300 Cycle 19 Cycle 20 Cycle 21 Cycle 22 250 Cycle 18 s r e 200 b m u 150 N t o 100 p s n u 50 S 0 1947 Years 1997 Length Varies from 9 - 13 Years 7 Years Solar Maximum, 4 Years Solar Minimum 6 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 Solar Particle Events Holloman AFB/SOON • Cyclical (Solar Max, Solar Min) – 11-year AVERAGE (9 to 13) – Solar Max is more active time period • Two types of events – Gradual (Coronal Mass Ejections – CMEs) • Proton rich – Impulsive (Solar Flares) • Heavy ion rich • Abundances Dependent on Radial Distance from Sun • Particles are Partially Ionized – Greater Ability to Penetrate Magnetosphere than GCRs 7 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 Solar Proton Event - October 1989 Proton Fluxes - 99% Worst Case Event 1 0 5 1 0 4 V 1 0 3 e 2 M / 1 0 r e 1 t 1 0 s / 0 s 1 0 / 2 -1 m 1 0 c / -2 s 1 0 t n -3 u 1 0 o -4 C 1 0 2 0 0 0 T -2 0 0 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 n 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 O cto b e r N o ve m b e r GOES Space Environment Monitor 8 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 Free-Space Particles: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) or Heavy Ions • Definition – A GCR ion is a charged particle CREME 96, Solar Minimum, 100 mils (2.54 mm) Al (H, He, Fe, etc) 4 103 – Typically found in free space ) y 102 Z = 2 - 92 (galactic cosmic rays or GCRs) a 10 d / 1 • Energies range from MeV to 2 100 m c 10 GeVs for particles of concern / -1 # 10 for SEE ( -2 e 10 • Origin is unknown c -3 n 10-4 e GEO u 10 – Important attribute for impact l -5 GTO F 10 on electronics is how much -6 MEO T 10 EOS E -7 energy is deposited by this L LEO 10-8 -1 0 1 2 particle as it passes through a 1010 10 10 10 semiconductor material. This LET (MeV-cm2/mg) is known as Linear Energy Transfer or LET (dE/dX). Time Commercial Technology Sensitivity 9 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 Trapped Particles in the Earth’s Magnetic Field: Proton & Electron Intensities AP-8 Model AE-8 Model Ep > 10 MeV Ee > 1 MeV #/cm2/sec #/cm2/sec 4 A di3p in th2e eart1h’s dipole m1omen2t caus3es an4 asym5metry6 in th7e pictu8re ab9ove:10 The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) L-Shell 10 Space Radiation Effects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A. LaBel at 2004 MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA – Nov 29, 2004 SAA and Trapped Protons: Effects of the Asymmetry in the Proton Belts on SRAM Upset Rate at Varying Altitudes on CRUX/APEX H ita c h i 1 M :A ltitu d e :6 5 0 k m - 7 5 0 k m H ita c h i 1 M :A ltitu d e :1 2 5 0 k m - 1 3 5 0 k m 9 0 9 0 7 5 7 5 6 0 U p s ets/B it/D ay 6 0 U p s e ts /B it/D a y 1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -7 1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -7 5 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -6 4 5 5 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -6 4 5 1 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -6 1 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -6 5 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -5 5 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -5 1 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -5 3 0 1 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -5 3 0 5 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -4 5 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -4 1 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -4 1 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -4 e 1 5 5 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -3 e 1 5 5 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -3 d d 1 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3 1 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3 u t u i 0 t t i 0 t a a L L -1 5 -1 5 -3 0 -3 0 -4 5 -4 5 -6 0 -6 0 -7 5 -7 5 -9 0 -9 0 -1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0 -1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0 L o n g itu d e L o n g itu d e H ita c h i 1 M :A ltitu d e :1 7 5 0 k m - 1 8 5 0 k m H ita c h i 1 M :A ltitu d e :2 4 5 0 k m - 2 5 5 0 k m 9 0 9 0 7 5 7 5 6 0 U p s e ts /B it/D a y 6 0 U p s e ts /B it/D a y 1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -7 1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -7 5 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -6 5 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -6 4 5 1 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -6 4 5 1 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -6 5 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -5 5 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -5 3 0 1 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -5 3 0 1 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -5 5 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -4 5 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -4 1 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -4 1 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -4 e 1 5 5 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -3 e 1 5 5 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -3 d 1 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3 d 1 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3 u u t t i 0 i 0 t t a a L -1 5 L -1 5 -3 0 -3 0 -4 5 -4 5 -6 0 -6 0 -7 5 -7 5 -9 0 -9 0 -1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0 -1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0 11 Space RaLdoiantigointu Edfefects on Electronics presented by Kenneth A.