Index Abbate, Janet, 32 Anderson, Geoffrey, 150 Access controls, technical Apache HTTP server, 234 as a means to subsequently regulate Apple Computer, Inc., 5–6, 157, 225, use, 7, 11, 51, 54, 171, 178–182, 267, 280. See also iPod; iTunes 185–186, 190, 217–218, 227, 248, Arbitrage, 263–264, 267, 275 262, 265, 267, 270 Aris Technologies, 160 as a new site for copyright Association of American Publishers enforcement, 102, 137–139, 169–170, (AAP), 343n61 171–173, 188, 191, 215 ARPANET, 32–33, 173 as also the point of purchase, AT&T Inc., 152, 159, 240 171–173, 248, 267 Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA), Active Internet, 268 146, 195, 221, 321n17 Advanced Access Content System (AACS) encryption, 269, 340n32 Baker, C. Edwin, 273 Advanced Research Projects Agency Barbrook, Richard, 42 (ARPA), 32 Barlow, John Perry, 35–36 Advanced Television Standard (ATV), Bell, Tom, 62 198 Benkler, Yochai, 126, 234, 275 Advanced Television Systems Bentham, Jeremy, 92 Committee (ATSC)), 202, 211, 231 Berman, Howard, 131 “Affordances” (Gibson), 86 Bertelsmann, 49, 151 AIFF music format, 145 Bettig, Ronald. 22 Akrich, Madeleine, 80 Bijker, Weibe, 66, 84, 87, 106 Amateurs, 233 Bitmusic, 151 American Library Association (ALA), “Black box” (Latour), 53, 239, 243 215–216 Blanford, Lawrence, 209 American Library Association, et al. v. Blogs, 280 Federal Communications Commission Blu-Ray DVD, encryption of, 340n32 and United States of America, 215–218 Bolter, Jay David, 284nn7–8 Analog hole, 159–160, 197, 219, Borland, John, 164 323n44 Boucher, Rick, 275–276 384 Index Boyle, James, 28, 276 Commodification of culture, 11, 55–57, Broadcast flag, 201–219, 227, 230–231, 244, 247–248, 270–272, 275–278, 235–236, 241–242, 274 287n21 disagreement about, 205–210 Compliance rules, 227–230 and “downstream devices,” 207–208, Compression, 40, 294n64 211, 216 Computer and Communications FCC mandate of, 210–214, 227, 230 Industry Association (CCIA), 209 origins of, 202–204 Concentration of ownership in production of consensus around, entertainment industry, 31, 139, 199, 203–210 221 robustness rules in, 227, 230–231, Congress, United States 233, 235–236, 241–242 and copyright law, 22 scope of, 206–207 and digital television, 198–205, 209, and Table A, 208–211 212–213, 218 Broadcast Protection Discussion Group and the DMCA, 175–177, 189–190, (BPDG), 203–212, 217, 230, 233 275–276 BPDG Final Report, 203–205, Congressional Budget Office, 271 209–210, 212 Consortia, industry, 58, 140–144, 157. Brown, Janelle, 157 See also Standard-setting Bruckman, Amy, 233 organizations (SSOs) Bundling, 268 and antitrust, 142–144 Burk, Dan, 329n56 and intellectual property, 142 Bush, George W., 256 Constitution, United States, 22–24, 28, Bush doctrine, 256 57, 105, 177, 180, 187–188, 273, 283n5 Carey, James, 3, 91 Consumer Broadband and Digital “Celestial jukebox” (Goldstein), 126, Television Promotion Act (also 267, 317n85 Hollings Bill), 195–196, 242 Center for Democracy and Technology Consumer Electronics Association (CDT), 220 (CEA), 197 Chiariglione, Leonardo, 41, 149–154, Consumers, as configured in the 158 debates about copyright. See also Circumvention, 101–102 Users and the DMCA, 174–182 as a justification for stronger as a political act, 258 copyright protection, 109, 117, 123, and robustness rules, 184–188, 223 126–127, 130–131, 134 Clinton-Gore administration, 36–39, as opposed to citizens, 189 47, 108, 174 passive, as opposed to users, 126, CNet News, 150 226–227, 241, 275, 277, 279–280 “Code” (Lessig), 54, 57–58, 92–94. See Content Generation Management also Technology, as regulation System-Analog (CGMS-A), 197 Codec, 41, 294n64 Content Protection System Architecture Cohen, Julie, 28, 60 (CSPA), 170 Index 385 Content Scramble System (CSS), and the inducement of infringement, 170–172, 175, 178, 181–182, 49–50 185–187, 227–230, 262, 265–266 and the Internet, 5–9, 11, 31, 34–40, DVD-CCA license that enforces, 105, 174 181–182, 185–187, 227–230, 262–263 for a limited duration, 28, 276, robustness rules in, 228–230 290n19 workings of, 170–172 limits built into, 28–29, 63, 274, 278 Convergence, 211, 213, 221 as a monopoly, 27–28, 38, 274 Cooper, Geoff, 72 as a natural right, 22 Copps, Michael, 211 and the preemption doctrine, Copyleft, 224 184–185 Copy Protection Technology Working principles of, 21–29, 57, 137, 273 Group (CPTWG), 141, 170, 175, “to promote progress in science and 202–203 the useful arts,” 22, 24, 27, 289n10 Copyright, 5–9, 21–31, 34–40, 137, and the property metaphor, 24–28, 183–184, 288n3 30, 35 as a balance of public and private and the public domain, 28, 47, 276 interests, 21–22, 27–31, 38, 53, 63, as a reward for authors, 23–24 105, 180, 183–184, 187–189, 191, and the rhetoric of authorship, 22–24, 225, 244, 257, 260, 283n5 116, 134, 314n35 and the “capable of substantial and a shift from use to access, 6, 54, noninfringing uses” standard, 170–171, 173, 177–180, 188, 217 48–50 and technical solutions, 6–12, 21–22, and the commodification of culture, 50–63, 92–95, 105–107, 137–139, 5, 12, 25, 47, 325n17 167–168 (see also Digital rights and contract, 182–185 management [DRM]) and contributory and vicarious as a “technology neutral” rule, 177 infringement, 48–49, 327n30 utilitarian aims of, 22, 105, 273 constitutional mandate of, 22–24, 57, Copyright Act of 1790, 290n19 105, 177, 188, 191, 273, 278, 283n5, Copyright Act of 1909, 290n19 289n10 Copyright Act of 1976, 30, 173, and the “copyright wars,” 5–7, 40, 290n19 280 Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), “death” of, predicted, 5, 35–36 290n19 and democracy, 24, 28, 57, 273, Coral Consortium, 154 276–278 Court of Appeals, District of Columbia, and digital rights management (see 202 Digital rights management [DRM]) Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 6 and the economics of information, Crawford, Susan, 219, 235 25–28 Creative Commons, 132, 224, 280 and fair use (see Fair use) “Creative destruction” (Schumpeter), history of, 11–12, 22–24, 57, 177 105 incentive logic, 22–23, 38, 134 Crichter, Chas, 130 386 Index Cryptanalysis. See Encryption, and 170–171, 193–198, 223–231, code-breaking 247–261, 270, 278–281, 297n87 Cryptography. See Encryption and the “analog hole,” 159–160 Cultural policy, 10, 286n21 as an access rule, 137–139, 177–178 arrangements necessary for, 106–109, “Darknet” (Biddle et al.), 225 139, 168–169, 193–195, 226–229, DeCSS, 172–173, 178–181, 185–187, 254, 279–280 228, 230, 243, 325n16 and commerce, 248, 262–270, 274, Department of Defense (DoD), 32, 36 278–280 Demodulation, of digital television as “curb-high,” 51, 225, 231, 298n90 signals, 203–204 debate about, 223–225, 243, 254, Diamond Multimedia, 42, 145–146, 279–281 150, 157, 321n18 and fair use, 57–63, 178–180 Dick, Philip K., 255–256 implications of, 55–63, 74, 178–180, “Minority Report,” 255 219–221, 225–227, 234–236, Digital Audio Tape (DAT), 195, 221, 241–242, 247–248, 257–263, 270–274 321n17 inflexibility of, 60–61 Digital culture, 6, 10–13, 31, 244, justification for, 106–109, 127–128, 277–281 130 participation in, 10–11, 280 as “leakproof,” 159, 204, 225, 231 Digital Future Coalition (DFC), 176 limitations of, 160–161, 228, 254, 258 Digital Millennium Copyright Act as part of a heterogeneous strategy, (DMCA), 168, 173–190, 193, 228, 99–102, 187–188, 213 236, 262, 265, 274–276 as a political accomplishment, 139, as backing for private licenses, 145, 193–194, 201–202 185–188, 191, 265 as a preemptive rule, 256–261 constitutionality of, 173, 178–180, and privacy, 268–273 187 in proprietary formats, 146, 149, 154, exceptions to, 173, 275 158–159, 164 and fair use, 176, 178–180, 185–187, providers of, 151, 205, 221, 268, 272, 328n38 279 history of, 174–177, 189–190 as a regulation on manufacturers not as “paracopyright,” 177 users, 167–168, 171–172, 185, 227, and its prohibition on circumvention 262–263 for access, 168, 178–179, 181, 184 robustness rules (see Robustness rules) and its prohibition on circumvention and state authority, 193–198, 201, 214 tools, 168, 176, 179, 181 uses other than entertainment media two-dimensional structure of, for, 56 179–181 workings of, 51–54, 297n87 Digital Music Access technology Digital television (DTV), 197–201 (DMAT), 152 regulation of (see Broadcast flag) Digital rights management (DRM), transition to, 197–201, 203 50–63, 79, 99–102, 137–139, technical advantages of, 198–199 Index 387 Digital Transition Content Security Act 181–182, 187–188, 207–208, 262, (DTCSA), 197 265 Digital Transmission Licensing military uses of, 249, 251 Administrator (DTLA), 202, 206 and new technologies, 249 DIVX, 269 principles of, 247, 252–254 “Domestication” (Silverstone), 85 public key cryptography, 252–253 “Double articulation” (Silverstone), 80 techniques of, 248–250, 252–253 Down-rezzing, 196 Engeström, Yrjö, 335n30 Dr. Dre, 47 European Telecommunications Duguid, Paul, 2, 34 Standards Institute (ETSI), 58 DVD, development of, 169–172 DVD Copy Control Association (DVD- Fair use, 29–30, 59–63, 169, 178, 157, CCA), 181–182, 325n16 271 DVD Forum, 141, 145 and access controls, 179–180, 186, Dyer, Richard, 73, 75 217 Dyson, Esther, 35 ambiguity in, 59–62, 257 and the costs of clearing copyright, Economics of information, 25–28 29–30, 61 economy of scale, 26–27, 273 and criticism, 29, 59–60 network effects, 140 , 273 and democracy, 29 nonexcludable goods, 25–26 and digital rights management, nonrivalrous goods, 25–26 59–63, 169, 178–180, 184–185, 217, public goods, 25, 28, 23 241, 261, 275, 300n122 Economy of scale, 26–27, 273 and education, 29–30, 59, 179 Eglash, Ron, 243 vs.