Law Enforcement Executive FORUM Police Resource Management: Patrol, Investigation, Scheduling September 2006 Law Enforcement Executive Forum Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute Western Illinois University 1 University Circle Macomb, IL 61455 Senior Editor Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Editor Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Associate Editors Jennifer Allen, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Barry Anderson, JD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Tony Barringer, EdD Division of Justice Studies Florida Gulf Coast University Lewis Bender, PhD Department of Public Administration and Policy Analysis Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville Michael Bolton, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology Marymount University Dennis Bowman, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Weysan Dun Special Agent-in-Charge, FBI, Springfield Division Kenneth Durkin, MD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Thomas Ellsworth, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Illinois State University Larry Hoover, PhD Director, Police Research Center Sam Houston State University William McCamey, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University John Millner State Senator of 28th District, Illinois General Assembly Michael J. Palmiotto Wichita State University Frank Morn Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University Gene L. Scaramella, PhD Dean of Criminal Justice Graduate Studies, Kaplan University Wayne Schmidt Director, Americans for Effective Law Enforcement Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(5) Editorial Production Document and Publication Services, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois Production Assistant Linda Brines The Law Enforcement Executive Forum is published six times per year by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute located at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. Subscription: $40 (see last page) ISSN 1552-9908 No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer Reasonable effort has been made to make the articles herein accurate and consistent. Please address questions about individual articles to their respective author(s). Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(5) Table of Contents Editorial .............................................................................................................. i Thomas J. Jurkanin Police Resource Management Examining the Effectiveness of Bicycle Patrols Versus Automobile Patrols in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Hartford, Connecticut ........ 1 Chris Menton Classifying Urban and Rural Law Enforcement Research: Individual Fields of Ecology ........................................................................ 13 Kasey A. Tucker James R. Kobolt The Future of Law Enforcement: Can Community Policing Survive a Post 9/11 Era? ................................................................................. 23 Terrance A. Johnson Understanding the Decision to Seek Law Enforcement Accreditation ................................................................................................... 39 Steven M. Hougland Dialectic Organization and Practice of Policing in the United States ................................................................................................... 47 Michael J. Palmiotto Policing and Social Control of Public Marijuana Use and Selling in New York City ............................................................................................ 59 Bruce D. Johnson Andrew Golub Eloise Dunlap Stephen J. Sifaneck James E. McCabe Missed Opportunities in Law Enforcement: Fostering Recovery Among Persons with Mental Illness .......................................................... 91 Carla A. Green Michael R. Polen Robert I. Paulson Jennifer P. Wisdom Law Enforcement and Society Can Benefit from Greater Transparency in Controlled Drug Analyses ............................................. 107 Vedoster Ingram Using Forensic Equipment to Enhance Use-of-Force Investigations ..... 111 Curtis J. (Jeff) Cope Kimberle Swobodzinski Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(5) Training and Education Kansas City, Missouri, Regional Training Academy Handgun/ Long Gun Retention & Disarming (HLGRD) System ............................ 119 William L. Conroy Daniel Schmer Lessons Learned from an Analysis of Correctional Officer Training in the United States ....................................................................................... 131 Emran Khan Law Enforcement Curriculum and Standards for High School .............. 161 Marwin Britto Sarah Britto Sue Carter Collins Terrorism An Analysis of the Al Qaeda Manual from the Perspective of Domestic Law Enforcement .................................................................... 173 Michael Aman Essays on Terrorism ......................................................................................... 189 Benjamin Kuipers Materials/publications are available through the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute. Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(5) Editorial The management of police resources has taken on added dimensions with the emergence of advanced technology. Law enforcement executives must carefully assess the implications of emerging technology within the parameters of the agency’s mission and budget and, concurrently, evaluate the impact of technology upon service delivery, the management of police resources, and agency personnel. This is not an easy task. Traditionally, police leaders have not been formally trained in such areas of management responsibilities. Recognizing an emerging need, in 2003, the Illinois Law Enforcement Executive Institute developed a 40-hour course for police managers entitled, “Police Resource Management.” The course presents concepts, strategies, and models that orient police managers toward the development, utilization, and conservation of both resources and information and prepares law enforcement managers and organizations to efficiently and effectively manage police resources in the technology and information age. The 40-hour curriculum includes the following topics: emerging technology, technology and strategy, data-driven management, and the design of a policing model for the information age. This edition of the Law Enforcement Executive Forum focuses on “police resource management” and is designed to supplement the Executive Institute’s previous work in this area and provide a reader for students enrolled in the Police Resource Management Course. The articles contained within this issue will also provide valuable information and guidance on a number of resource management challenges facing law enforcement administrators. Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Executive Director Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(5) i ii Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(5) Examining the Effectiveness of Bicycle Patrols Versus Automobile Patrols in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Hartford, Connecticut Chris Menton, Associate Professor, School of Justice Studies, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island Introduction In the past 20 years, the use of bicycles by police departments has grown significantly. This is actually a resurgence of the use of bicycles in police patrols. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, bicycle patrols were used by many major city police departments (Fox, 1998). It is apropos that bicycles for police patrol have experienced this revival along with the focus on community policing. The use of bikes harkens back to a time when the police were a closer part of the community. They were connected. It makes sense that bicycles should be used in an atmosphere where the concept of police/community relationships is being renewed as a valued and important facet in the strategy of controlling crime. Early in 1987, the Seattle Police Department started deploying bicycle patrols in their downtown area to augment foot patrols. This is believed to be the first integrated use of bicycles in patrols since the early 20th century. The use of police bicycle patrols has become widespread. The International Police Mountain Bike Association (IPMBA) reports that approximately 5,600 (43%) of all police departments use these bike patrols on a routine basis, including 90% of all departments serving at least 100,000 residents. Approximately 309 (13%) of all sheriff’s departments, including about 50% of those serving 500,000 residents or more, also employ officers on bikes. These departments employ over 83% of all officers and 45% of all deputies (International Police Mountain Bike Association Facts, n.d.). The scant research that exists on bicycle patrols is inconsistent with the level of deployment of bicycle patrols across the country. Research on the effectiveness of this method of patrol conveyance needs to catch up. Currently, newspaper stories are the primary source of information on bicycle patrols. Research on police patrol effectiveness has focused on automobile or foot patrols. The landmark Kansas City motor patrol study revealed important information on the effectiveness of motor patrols (Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, & Brown, 1974). With increased focus on community policing,