Where are we in particle physics? by S. B. Treiman Technologically on course — installation of superconducting magnets below the Fermilab main ring. (Photo Fermilab) The fourth in a series of HEPAP (High Energy Physics Advisory Panel) Sub- panels, formed from time to time to review the status of the US high ener­ gy physics programme, last year had to confront an unusually wide array of opportunities and problems. The scientific opportunities and chal­ lenges are well known. They spring from the prodigious experimental and theoretical strides of the past decade and lay out the case for a new round of accelerator and other facili­ ties — to pursue the critical leads opened up by the recent develop­ ments and, as always, to allow for the unexpected. A number of delicious possibili­ ties, in various stages of definition, were in view: the Stanford Linear Collider for electron-positron phy­ sics at 100 GeV centre-of-mass en­ ergy; a Cornell conception for an el­ ectron-positron collider at a similar energy, based on superconducting r.f. technology; possible electron- proton collider facilities, etc. Nev­ traditional place. tion that we may be almost 'there' is ertheless, the prevailing climate was The current difficulties seem to be of course risky, if not outrageous, such as to focus attention mainly on mainly fiscal and technological ; there and even the most forward of the the problems. The problems are also are also problems, shared with Eu­ proponents of this view qualify it in well known — the financial ones, rope, associated with the complex various ways. which increasingly constrain the pro­ sociology of the large collaborations Everyone acknowledges that there gramme and utilization of existing that are increasingly called for in high are crucial tests to be made and facilities and the technological ones, energy experimentation. But let me information to be found in the com­ associated with the large supercon­ set these things aside and turn in­ ing round of experimentation; so ducting accelerator projects at Fer­ stead to another kind of foreboding that, given only the resources milab and Brookhaven. that has surfaced in certain quarters needed to exploit the visible scien­ Now the Saver/Tevatron project and that generated a great deal of tific opportunities, we surely face at Fermilab seems technologically heated debate among HEPAP mem­ very exciting times. Moreover, the more surely on course, but there bers in the off hours. proponents acknowledge, even if have been magnet problems for ISA- The recent years of particle phy­ everything goes as expected, that BELLE at Brookhaven and the nation­ sics have witnessed enormous pro­ there will remain much more to be al financial picture is more constrain­ gress, culminating in what seem to known than can be revealed in the ing than ever. The situation has per­ be very far-reaching synthesis. It is next round of experimentation. In­ haps fostered a magnified picture this rising curve of advancement that deed, there are very stirring visions among US physicists of the vigour of testifies to the scientific vitality of the about what may lie out there beyond the European programme but one field and that makes the case for con­ the immediately foreseeable do­ also imagines — or hopes — that tinuing support. So great is the sense mains of direct, experimental at­ the hurdles will, in time, be sur­ of achievement, however, that one tack. mounted and that US high energy dares to ask whether perhaps we are The trouble, however, is this : they physics will be able to resume its almost 'there' already. The proposi­ conceive that these farther reaches 404 CERN Courier, November 1981 Assembly of the UA2 detector at the CERN proton-antiproton collider — an example of the vigour of the European high energy physics programme. (Photo CERN 84.9.81) much of its modern history, this trou­ ble-making has been especially easy. In the limited domain of electron- photon physics, the great quantita­ tive successes of quantum electro­ dynamics had convinced most peo­ ple already by the late 1940s of the correctness of the general notions of relativistic qQantum field theory. At about the same time, however, the explosive proliferation of new parti­ cle types, with all their complicated interaction chemistry, had set in. This explosion of new phenomena dominated, and theory, at best, could only limp along with partial and ever-shifting insights and rough pro­ visional models. Serious visions of a realistic and fundamental dynamics receded. There was no encompassing ortho­ doxy to shoot at. To be sure in corn­ ers there were some people toying with new dynamical ideas — like spontaneously broken symmetry and non-Abelian gauge theories. The may lie forever beyond direct exper­ fussy about consistency, in view of possibilities, to those who could fol­ imental investigation and that, for the possibility of experimental error low the developments, looked very what can be reached, we may alrea­ and/or theoretical refinement. interesting indeed, at least as amuse­ dy have the basic framework in When the foundations for some ments, but the connections with real­ hand. domain of science seem to be in ity were still obscure. The goal of our field is an under­ hand, what is there left to do within By the early 1960s the one thing standing of the fundamental struc­ that domain ? Well, plenty! There still that was clear to most people was ture of matter. In discussing our loca­ remain all the rich and varied phe­ that the different hadron species tion along the axis of understanding, nomena themselves and the work of were already far too numerous for for present purposes I have in mind relating the phenomena to the foun­ any of them to be regarded as funda­ our grasp of the fundamental laws, dations. It is not easy, for example, mental in any reasonable sense; and as distinct from a mastery of all the to get to superconductivity straight­ the idea of a more parsimonious sub­ implications of those laws for phe­ away from Schrodinger's equation, structure, the quarks, was born, nomena. In principle, until one can the Pauli principle, and Coulomb's though unaccompanied by a serious work out and test a sufficiently wide law. For some fields there also arises and detailed quark dynamics. One range of predictions, one can't be the possibility of exploiting the new could get away with only three quark sure that the right foundations are in understanding for practical applica­ flavours at the time. The number has hand. Nevertheless, it is a fact that tions. Above all, for those of a cer­ since grown ominously to five, with great syntheses are established and tain mentality, there remains the task reasonable expectation of at least accepted from time to time on the of making trouble for the established one more — the 'top' quark. basis of vastly more limited evi­ orthodoxy — by searching for indi­ Then, by the early part of the last dence, at least initially, provided that cations of its limitations and thereby decade, the whole outlook for the the conjectured theoretical struc­ opening up new fields to be con­ strong interactions began to change tures look both pretty and consist­ quered. dramatically. At SLAC, then sub­ ent. At the start one is not even so For particle physics, throughout sequently at CERN and Fermilab, the CERN Courier, November 1981 405 The discovery of the neutral current at CERN — an example of a testable prediction. experimental study of deep inelastic scattering of leptons by nucleons revealed a certain scaling behaviour which suggested that the scattering takes place off point-like consti­ tuents in the nucleon — the quarks we now think. The quarks, it ap­ peared, behave as if free in these high momentum transfer transac­ tions. This made for a nice physical picture, embodied in the parton mod­ el, but at a deeper field theoretic level, it was hard to understand what was going on. One has to explain rents were subsequently discovered ton distributions, are still needed. why the distorting strong interac­ and are among the great experimen­ Nevertheless, there have been suc­ tions among quarks become effec­ tal triumphs of the past decade. Best cesses and there are as yet no ob­ tively unimportant at large momen­ of all, the new picture unified two vious contradictions. One can still be tum transfers, or equivalently, at hitherto separate classes of interac­ sceptical — the whole thing could be short distances. tions, the electromagnetic and the wrong and the successes an acci­ This was an important clue to weak. dent ; or the theory could be general­ strong interaction dynamics. It led to In QCD, for the strong interactions, ly on the right track but in need of the notion of 'asymptotic freedom', the various quark flavours all enter on serious modification or extension. It the discovery that asymptotic free­ an equal footing apart from their dif­ is not unthinkable, however, that dom is uniquely peculiar to non-Abe- fering mass parameters. The number QCD is altogether correct for a very lian gauge theories, and then to the of different flavour types, and the wide domain of strong interaction widespread focus on Quantum Chro­ masses, are external inputs to the physics. Internally, at least, it looks modynamics (QCD), a non-Abelian theory. The interactions among the to be fairly whole and parsimonious. gauge theory based on the SU 3 co­ quarks are mediated by eight mass- In order to form a reliable opinion, lour group that had already begun its less gauge bosons — the gluons. one will need not only a series of cru­ development from different origins. For the rest, there is only one addi­ cial experimental probings but also a A look at current issues of any parti­ tional parameter, a renormalization vast development in the art of ex­ cle physics research journal shows scale with the dimensions of a mass.