Barnes‐Sadler, Simon George (2016) Central Asian and Yanbian Korean in comparative perspective. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26672 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Central Asian and Vernacular Yanbian Korean in Comparative Perspective Simon George Barnes-Sadler Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2016 Department of the Languages and Cultures of Japan and Korea 1 SOAS, University of London Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: _________________ 2 Abstract This thesis describes and compares the synchronic linguistic features of the Koryo Mar (KM) and Vernacular Yanbian Korean (VYK): varieties of Korean spoken in Central Asia and Yanbian, PRC respectively. In addition, it provides socio-historical backgrounds of the transplanted communities and a thorough, critical review of prior linguistic research on their varieties. Its main contribution, though, is to the empirical understanding of linguistic variation between the forms of Korean in transplanted contexts. Its principal outcomes are twofold. Primarily on the basis of two collections of KM and VYK speech gathered from diverse samples of consultants, parallel descriptions of the transplanted varieties were created following the framework of traditional Korean grammar. This allowed for their systematic, granular comparison using principles adapted from Contrastive Analysis. Such an analysis revealed a high degree of equivalence in form and function between the majority of the over 100 comparative concepts analysed in addition to concrete differences in phonology (e.g. KM /v/, VYK /w/), morphology (e.g. VYK morphological honorification), word order (e.g. divergent patterns of negation) and vocabulary (e.g. VYK Sino-Korean coinings). The degree to which VYK and KM speech can be distinguished and which features are most salient in this were established using the quantitative techniques of clustering and Principal Component Analysis. The results of these statistical tests demonstrated that KM and VYK may be distinguished on the basis of a selection of their aggregate linguistic features, and allowed for the identification of smaller sets of linguistic features which account for the greater part of the inter-varietal variation. The main conclusion of this thesis is that varieties of Korean distinct from each other and those on the Korean Peninsula have developed and are further diverging in transplanted contexts. It further advances Korean dialectology by implementing and advocating novel analytical methods for the examination of vernacular speech rather than traditional elicited dialect data. 3 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.1 The Korean Language .................................................................................................. 19 1.1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 19 1.1.2 Transplanted Korean ........................................................................................... 20 1.2 Linguistic Variation ...................................................................................................... 23 1.2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 23 1.2.2 Transplanted Languages ..................................................................................... 26 1.2.3 Korean ................................................................................................................. 29 1.3 Structure ..................................................................................................................... 33 1.4 Orthography ................................................................................................................ 36 2 Background to Transplanted Korean Communities ............................................................ 37 2.1 Socio-historical Backgrounds ...................................................................................... 40 2.2 Socio-historical Background of Koryo Mar ................................................................. 41 2.2.1 The Korean Community in the Russian Far East ................................................. 41 2.2.2 Deportation to Central Asia ................................................................................ 43 2.2.3 Koreans in Soviet Central Asia ............................................................................ 45 2.2.4 The Korean Community in the CIS ...................................................................... 46 2.2.5 Policy and the Koryo Saram ................................................................................ 47 2.2.6 Language Attitudes and Koryo Mar .................................................................... 51 2.3 Socio-historical Background of Yanbian Korean ......................................................... 54 2.3.1 Koreans in China 1860 - 1949 ............................................................................. 55 2.3.2 The Korean Community in the YKAP ................................................................... 57 2.3.3 Policy and the cosencok ...................................................................................... 59 2.3.4 Language Attitudes and Vernacular Yanbian Korean ......................................... 62 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 63 3 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 65 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 65 3.2 Traditional Korean Dialectological Perspectives ......................................................... 66 3.2.1 The Transplanted Varieties ................................................................................. 66 3.2.2 Transplanted Varieties’ Input Varieties .............................................................. 70 3.3 Koryo Mar ................................................................................................................... 74 3.4 Yanbian Korean ........................................................................................................... 84 4 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 89 3.5.1 Impact on Research Questions ........................................................................... 90 4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 92 4.1 Comparison of Linguistic Systems ............................................................................... 93 4.1.1 Carrying out CA ................................................................................................... 98 4.2 The Data ...................................................................................................................... 99 4.2.1 Primary Data Gathering Methods ..................................................................... 101 4.2.2 Consultant Selection ......................................................................................... 101 4.3 Data Gathering Techniques....................................................................................... 103 4.3.1 Koryo Mar ......................................................................................................... 111 4.3.2 Yanbian Korean ................................................................................................. 113 4.4 Supplementary Linguistic Resources Consulted ....................................................... 115 4.5 The Formulation of Contrasts ................................................................................... 116 4.5.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 116 4.5.2 Establishing Equivalence ................................................................................... 118 4.5.3 Formulating Formal