DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN ASIAN FISHING COMMUNITIES Drivers, outcomes and potential impacts DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN ASIAN FISHING COMMUNITIES: DRIVERS, OUTCOMES AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS Edited by Susana V. Siar Fishery and Aquaculture Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand Kyoko Kusakabe Professor Gender and Development Studies Department of Development and Sustainability School of Environment, Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology Pathum Thani, Thailand FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS BANGKOK, 2020 i Required citation: Siar, S.V. and Kusakabe, K., eds. 2020. Demographic change in Asian fishing communities – Drivers, outcomes and potential impacts. Bangkok. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1752en. 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FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Credit photos: Top left & right – © Kyoko Kusakabe; Bottom left & right – © SEETT Division, ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi; Middle – © Sok Serey ii Preparation of this document This publication presents past studies and recent work on demographic change in selected fishing communities in Asia, including the highlights of a regional consultative workshop on the subject. The regional consultative workshop, co-organized by the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific and the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), was held on 6 and 7 November 2019 in Bangkok, Thailand. The case studies on Cambodia and Thailand were prepared under a Letter of Agreement with NACA. iii iv Contents Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Susana V. Siar and Kyoko Kusakabe Chapter 2. Desk study on demographic changes in fishing communities in the Asia-Pacific region and implications for fisheries and for the social development of fishing communities ............................................................................................................................ 3 Gabrielle Groves Punyaratabandhu Chapter 3. Study on demographic change in fishing communities in Cambodia and Thailand ................................................................................................................................................. 37 Kyoko Kusakabe, Sok Serey and Methinee Phoovatis Chapter 4. Demographic change in marine fishing communities in India........................ 85 Shinoj Parappurathu, Gopalakrishnan Achamveetil and Joykrushna Jena Chapter 5. Highlights of the regional consultative workshop on demographic changes in fishing communities in Asia ............................................................................................ 103 Susana V. Siar and Kyoko Kusakabe Chapter 6. Overall conclusions and recommendations ............................................................. 113 Kyoko Kusakabe and Susana V. Siar Annexes Annex 1. List of participants ................................................................................................................... 117 Annex 2. Workshop agenda.................................................................................................................... 122 Figures Chapter 2 Figure 1. Population growth in Asia by region, 1940 to 2060 ............................................. 5 Figure 2. Total fertility rates in Asia by region, 1950 to 2050 ............................................... 6 Figure 3. Rate of urbanization in Asia by region, 1990 to 2050 .......................................... 7 Figure 4. Fertility rates in Thailand at national level and regional level, 1974 to 2006 .. 9 Figure 5. Total fertility rates (TFR) in Cambodia by region, 2000 to 2014....................... 9 Figure 6. Percentage in terms of value and quantity of total fishing production in Southeast Asia, 2010 compared to 2016 .............................................................. 16 Chapter 3 Figure 1. Ratio of population aged 65 and above in selected countries in Asia.......... 39 Figure 2. Analytical framework ........................................................................................................ 40 Figure 3. Number of registered migrant workers in Trat Province..................................... 49 Figure 4. Ratio of households whose primary job is fishing by year (2015–2018)...... 52 Figure 5. Number of boats by province and year (2015–2018) .......................................... 52 Figure 6. Percentage of population age 60 and above by year for Cambodia ............. 55 Figure 7. Net number of migrants in Cambodia ....................................................................... 56 v Chapter 4 Figure 1. Changes in literacy rate among fish folk in India over time.............................. 91 Figure 2. Changes in educational attainments of fisherfolk in India over time............ 92 Tables Chapter 2 Table 1. Number employed in fisheries sector ........................................................................ 16 Table 2. Age and sex distribution of employment in fishing sector for Japan, 1980 to 2000......................................................................................................................... 18 Table 3. Total number of boats and a comparison of non-powered to powered boats in Southeast Asia, 2007, 2010 and 2016 ........................................................ 20 Table 4. Changes in fishing gear in Southeast Asia, 2007, 2010 and 2016 (percentage of units used of all gear types) ............................................................ 21 Chapter 3 Table 1. Study villages in Klong Yai district, Trat Province, Thailand as of 2019 .......... 43 Table 2. Study villages in Cambodia as of 2018 ...................................................................... 43 Table 3. Key informant interviewees............................................................................................ 44 Table 4. Number of population and percentage of population aged 60 and above, 2009–2018 in Thailand (thousands) ............................................................................ 49 Table 5. Data from Commune Database for the study districts in Cambodia in 2019 .................................................................................................................................... 56 Table 6. Migration in the study districts in Cambodia in 2019 ......................................... 57 Chapter 4 Table 1. Key indicators of the fisheries economy of India ................................................... 87 Table 2. Major ethnic groups engaged