Krivokapić D.: Appearance and development of modern sports in Montenegro... Sport Science 9 (2016) 1: 64-69 APPEARANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SPORTS IN MONTENEGRO AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF MONTENEGRO’S INDEPENDENCE ON BERLIN CONGRESS 1878. Dragan Krivokapić University of Montenegro, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, Niksić, Montenegro Review article Abstract Montenegro has been battling against many conquerors for centuries, and defended its liberty with many victims. Crown of that liberation battle was Berlin Congress in 1878 on which independence was recognized to this small country. That way, this very important event in the European history of XIX century, has become one of the most important dates in the independence history of Montenegro, which definitely solved the question of its international recognition. As a consequence of becoming independent, diplomatic branch offices are opened in the capital of Montenegro - Cetinje, among first those of the world most powerful states: England, Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary, Turkey, the USA and others. There were 12 embassies in Cetinje at that time. The leader of Montenegro, Prince Nikola had a big family (eight daughters and a son) and through them he made family relations with several European courts which strengthened the position of Montenegro in Europe as well. Foreign diplomats introduced new habits and behaviours into the Montenegrian capital. Among other things, they introduced and promoted sport in Montenegro: golf, tennis, ice skating, skiing... so appearance and development of these, above mentioned sports in Montenegro after Berlin Congress was paid a lot of attention to in this time period. Key words: history, capital, position, promoted, embassy Introduction The Berlin Congress is one of the most important period, because of getting international recognition events in the European history of XIX century, and of Montenegro’s independence, there is intensified its decisions founded one of the most dates in the diplomatic activity with European states, which independence history of Montenegro. The Berlin extremely contributed modernization of Montenegro contract is consisted of 64 articles. The decisions in every aspect, as well as appearance and regarding Montenegro are included in the articles development of modern sport in it. Orientation of 26-33. The article 28 specifies the borders of Montenegro towards East and West European Montenegro, (National encyclopaedia, 1925). The countries contributed to introducing, accepting and decisions made on the Berlin Congress definitely developing sport movement there. The sports solved the issue of International status of activities that used to be more elements, in this Montenegro which became the twenty-seventh time period got a real form and preconditions for internationally recognized state in the world on the more intensive development that came afterwards. 13th July 1878 (Medlicott, W.N. 1979). In that time Picture 1. Anton von Werner: “Berlin Congress”. Picture 2. Map of a part of South-East Europe Final meeting of participants, July 13th 1878. after decisions made on the Berlin Congress, 1878. 64 Krivokapić D.: Appearance and development of modern sports in Montenegro... Sport Science 9 (2016) 1: 64-69 Methods Subject of our research is appearance and Just before the World War I there were several development of modern sports in Montenegro in the daily newspapers and bulletins in the capital city in time period of its international recognition on the which there were occasional articles about sports Berlin Congress in 1878, and all way to the and physical culture in general, which had a beginning of the World War I, when development of common name „gymnastics“ at the time. Besides sports was stopped at the whole territory of Europe the above mentioned, there are other magazines because of the war. In this research, we used published in Cetinje: Orlić, Luča, Književni list, historical method as a set of research procedures Zeta, Nova Zeta and Crnogorka, as well as expert on events happened in the past. Their magazines: Zdravlje and Prosvjeta. Besides implementation was made in several phases: Cetinje, there are also newspapers' publishers in Method of heuristics was implemented in the first Podgorica and Nikšić. In those newspapers there phase, in the sense of gathering relevant data and are periodical articles on sport events. A number of including historical structure through primary, illustrations ad documents used in this research is secondary and tertiary written sources. In the available in the National Museum in Cetinje and the second phase- critics of sources, there is an Archive of Montenegro. A lot of significant approach to careful analysis of the above information on the sport development in mentioned sources, as in the third, final phase- Montenegro was left by foreign travel writers, exposition, there is a review of results given by the diplomats, army officials and writers, who were analysis of the above mentioned sources. quite ispired to write about customs, lifestyle and sport competitions in Montenegro. Viala de Somier, Historical sources used in the research who was a French officer, left some interesting Although printing has a several centuries long notes on sport in Montenegro. He talked about it, tradition in Montenegro, starting with Oktoih with a lot of inspiration, in his book „Historical and Crnojevica, publishing in this area is renewed only political travelling to Montenegro“ (1994), in which during reign of Petar II Petrovic Njegos, and his notes are full of descriptions on chivalrous prosperity is made during the second half of the competitions of the Montenegrians, with the 19th century. Books, newspapers and magazines elements of competition, sport and physical culture. are printed and they occasionally have articles on Significant data on Montenegrian sport at the end sports and physical culture. of the XIX century was left by a Norwegian captain Henrich Augusto Angell, who travelled all around The first Montenegrian newspaper Crnogorac (A Montenegro in 1893 and left behind a travel writing Montenegrian) appeared in 1871 and changed, two „Through Montenegro on skis“. The original title is years later, its name into Glas Crnogorca (The Gjennem Montenegro paa ski. The book was Voice of A Montenegrian) in 1873. In the following published in Kristiania (Oslo) in 1895 and it was time period, Cetinje got the newspapers Cetinjski dedicated to the Norwegian youths, as the example Vjesnik and Ustavnost, which represented the most how they should fight for independence of their important source of information on sports in own country. Montenegro. Picture 3. Picture on the covers Picture 4. Norwegian captain Picture 5. Sculpture of a of Angell's book ''Through Henrich inspired by Angell's Montenegrian on skis, Montenegro on skis'' book. inspired by Angell's book. Augusto Angell (1861-1922) 65 Krivokapić D.: Appearance and development of modern sports in Montenegro... Sport Science 9 (2016) 1: 64-69 This book was illustrated by drawings of Results and discussion Montenegrian, mainly winter landscapes, and personalities from Montenegrian history, and on the A little after the Berlin Congress, whose decisions cover page there is a photo of a skier, in the founded one of the most important dates in the Montenegrian national costume. Angell was independence history of Montenegro, the enchanted by Montenegrian landscapes and people, Montenegrian capital Cetinje, in this time period, he was impressed by, at that time probably had a very intensive cultural development thanks to smallest metropole in Europe, where he was successful diplomatic cooperation with European honoured by the Prince Nikola the Danilo's Cross of states, which was followed by different sports the Fourth Order. In the Empire of Montenegro, a associations and clubs. It should be emphasized writer Simo Matavulj often stayed, and in his work that the first golf club was founded in Cetinje in Notes of a Writer (1929) he gave a nice description 1906 in the rooms of West Balkans today. That fact of an athletic competition, organized in honour of is especially noted by a sport historian Radunović, Bularian prince Batenberg in Cetinje, in which a R.(1980) in his scientific work. This significant young man won (he joined the race self- event had quite completed the rich sport history of initiatively). Montenegro where, besides golf, modern sports like tennis, ice skating, skiing, etc, started to develop In the above mentioned work he talks about the and to whose development, a special attention will level of sport development in this area and quite a be paid in this paper. Foundation of sports clubs led high level of physical condition of the to maprince sports relations with European state, Montenegrians. The writer Nenadović Lj. (1922) which represented the base of the Montenegro’s was also a common guest in Montenegro and wrote sport history. about it with a lot of verve. Among other things, he wrote about sport events that were a part of Appearance and development of golf in Montenegro Montenegrian people's lives and which could be A Golf club was founded in July 1906 in Cetinje, followed centuries through the history. A very and a patron of this organisation was princess respective source of information on development of Milica, wife of crown prince Danilo, the oldest son of physical culture in this time period are the books of prince Nikola. According to Radunović, R. (1980): historians: Jovanović, N.(1994) and Laković, ''the playground was located in the newly built part Dj.(2000) which served as a valuable source of of Cetinje - in Nova Varos, nearby the building of information as well. Italian Embassy. Picture 6: Princess Milica-Juta opened the Picture 7: Foreign diplomats and family golf course in Cetinje with a game of golf. members at opening of the golf course in Cetinje. At the solemn opening of the golf course, princess Data for such claim were found in the magazine Milica-Juta played the first game (with military The Graphic (1906) published in England, the music support), and then members of the club country extremely affected to this sport.